May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” The 18-year-old girl likely has a condition called müllerian agenesis, which caused her to not have a uterus and experience no menstrual periods.
18 citations
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March 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Estrogen increases blood vessel growth factor production, while testosterone blocks this increase.
January 2014 in “edoc (University of Basel)” Anabolic steroids and inflammation can disrupt androgen metabolism, potentially causing health issues.
12 citations
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December 2005 in “PubMed” Some men with early hair loss may have similar hormonal changes to women with Polycystic ovary syndrome, and could be at risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
November 2025 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Women with prediabetes may have a higher risk of PCOS-like changes, especially if they have impaired glucose tolerance.
May 2023 in “Problems of Endocrinology” Men with high testosterone may have higher morning blood pressure, unlike those with high DHT.
1540 citations
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October 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” The report concludes that PCOS is mainly a condition of excess male hormones and its definition may change as new information is discovered.
January 2025 in “JCEM Case Reports” Ovarian thecomas can cause virilization in postmenopausal women and are treated with surgery.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.
16 citations
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September 1990 in “Fertility and sterility” Ketoconazole can treat ovarian hyperandrogenism but should be used cautiously with monitoring and birth control.
2 citations
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November 2025 in “Journal of Ovarian Research” Reducing granulosa cell pyroptosis may improve oocyte maturation in PCOS.
2 citations
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January 2012 in “Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)” Hirsutism and alopecia during menopause can be diagnosed and treated with specific hormonal and topical therapies.
March 2023 in “Current Pharmaceutical Design” Spironolactone is effective for idiopathic hirsutism but has limited effects on other PCOS symptoms.
52 citations
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June 1999 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Antiandrogen treatments combined with oral contraceptives can help manage hair growth and hair loss in women with PCOS.
January 2025 in “Human Reproduction Open” 25% of premenopausal women with Type 1 diabetes have undiagnosed androgen excess disorders.
January 2024 in “Biology of sex differences” Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.
6 citations
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April 2004 in “Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry” New progesterone-based compounds can block male hormones.
74 citations
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July 2010 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Treatment of acromegaly can improve women's reproductive health issues caused by hormonal imbalances or tumors.
July 2019 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” Obesity greatly affects polycystic ovarian syndrome, and losing weight should be the first treatment for obese patients to improve their chances of ovulation and pregnancy.
5 citations
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June 2004 in “The Journal of The British Menopause Society” Testosterone therapy can improve sexual satisfaction and mood in surgically menopausal women when used with estrogen, but its long-term safety and effects on naturally menopausal and premenopausal women are unclear.
November 2017 in “International journal of family & community medicine” A man's low testosterone and related symptoms improved after he stopped taking hair loss drugs.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Female pattern hair loss severity is linked to physical signs of high androgens, not blood hormone levels.
April 2016 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Women with PCOS often have hirsutism and skin changes, which indicate a need for metabolic health checks.
14 citations
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January 1980 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Both treatments reduced androgen levels and hair growth in women with hirsutism.
November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Estetrol may help prevent hair loss and support hair growth in women.
20 citations
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January 1999 in “Current Pharmaceutical Design” Antiandrogen therapy is effective and well tolerated for treating women's androgenic disorders like hirsutism, acne, and hair loss.
2 citations
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December 2021 in “Cureus” Most women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have skin issues like excessive hair, acne, or hair loss. Hormone imbalances are common, and age, certain hormones, and hormone ratios can predict acne. Obesity, infertility, and high cholesterol are also common in these women.
62 citations
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August 2018 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Androgens are important for normal ovarian function and estrogen production, but may not be the main cause of follicle death.
4 citations
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January 2010 in “Acta dermato-venereologica” Low androgen levels can still cause female pattern hair loss.
4 citations
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March 2017 in “Development” Estrogen is important for keeping adult mouse nipple skin healthy by controlling certain cell signals.