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GlossaryImmune Pathways

series of steps immune system uses to combat threats

Immune pathways are the series of steps and processes that the body's immune system uses to detect and respond to threats like infections, diseases, or foreign substances. These pathways involve various cells, proteins, and signals that work together to identify and eliminate harmful invaders, ensuring the body stays healthy. For professionals, understanding these pathways is crucial for developing treatments for immune-related conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and allergies.

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research 496 Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in alopecia areata that target immune-regulatory pathways

April 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Researchers found that certain miRNAs, which affect immune system regulation, are differently expressed in mice with a hair loss condition compared to healthy mice.

research Dermal T cell immunity and key regulatory signaling pathways: Implications in immune-mediated alopecia and hair regeneration

1 citations , January 2025 in “Genes & Diseases”

Understanding T cells and signaling pathways can lead to better treatments for hair loss.

research Identification of immune microenvironment changes, immune-related pathways and genes in male androgenetic alopecia

September 2023 in “Medicine”

The research suggests immune system changes and specific gene expression may contribute to male hair loss, proposing potential new treatments.

research 63418 JAK3/TEC kinase pathways are active in alopecia areata lesions, and their inhibition with Ritlecitinib prevents αCD3/αCD28+IL-2 induced immune privilege collapse in healthy hair follicles ex vivo

September 2025 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Ritlecitinib may help treat alopecia areata by protecting hair follicles.

research Proteomic Profiling of Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia Reveals Role of Humoral Immune Response Pathway and Metabolic Dysregulation

5 citations , January 2024 in “JID Innovations”

CCCA involves immune response and metabolism issues, suggesting new treatment options.

research The PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Associated Signaling Pathways as Molecular Drivers of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Update on Therapeutic Strategy Using Natural and Synthetic Compounds

9 citations , June 2023 in “Cells”

Certain natural and synthetic compounds may help treat inflammatory skin diseases by targeting a specific signaling pathway.

Targeting Evasion of Immune Pathways in Glioblastoma

research TLRgeting Evasion of Immune Pathways in Glioblastoma

15 citations , April 2017 in “Cell Stem Cell”

Some brain cancer cells avoid immune system detection, and certain treatments could target this to slow their growth; also, certain fat cell precursors help regenerate hair and skin after injury.

research Synaptic processes and immune-related pathways implicated in Tourette syndrome

29 citations , January 2021 in “Translational Psychiatry”

The research suggests that Tourette syndrome is linked to both brain signaling and immune system pathways.

research Synaptic processes and immune-related pathways implicated in Tourette Syndrome

1 citations , April 2020 in “medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

The study found that Tourette Syndrome may be linked to certain immune system processes and synaptic signaling.

research Identification of Immune Microenvironment Changes, Immune-Related Pathways and Genes in Male Androgenetic Alopecia

March 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Immune changes and specific genes contribute to male hair loss.

research Drugs targeting the JAK/STAT pathway for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases: protocol for a scoping review

17 citations , May 2019 in “BMJ Open”

JAK/STAT inhibitors show promise for skin diseases but aren't yet approved.

research Enhancement of Immune Responses Elicited by Nanovaccines through a Cross-Presentation Pathway

13 citations , March 2023 in “Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine”

research Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in alopecia areata that target immune-regulatory pathways

14 citations , March 2017 in “Genes and immunity”

Certain microRNAs may help treat alopecia areata by targeting immune pathways.

research Androgenetic alopecia risk in allergic rhinitis: A cohort study of immune and antihistamine effects

April 2026 in “World Allergy Organization Journal”

Allergic rhinitis increases hair loss risk, but antihistamines can reduce it.

Circulating MicroRNA Signatures in Severe Alopecia Areata: Diagnostic Discrimination, Pathway Analysis, and Therapeutic Implications

research Circulating MicroRNA Signatures in Severe Alopecia Areata: Diagnostic Discrimination, Pathway Analysis, and Therapeutic Implications

March 2026 in “Dermatology and Therapy”

Distinct miRNA signatures could help diagnose and treat severe Alopecia Areata.

Skin Microbiota Ameliorates Androgenetic Alopecia by Harmonizing Skin Immuno-Inflammatory Balance

research Skin bacteriota ameliorates androgenetic alopecia via harmonizing skin immuno inflammatory balance

March 2026 in “Brazilian Journal of Microbiology”

Restoring skin bacteria may help reduce hair loss.

Integrated Meta-Analysis of Scalp Transcriptomics and Serum Proteomics Defines Alopecia Areata Subtypes and Core Disease Pathways

research Integrated Meta-Analysis of Scalp Transcriptomics and Serum Proteomics Defines Alopecia Areata Subtypes and Core Disease Pathways

October 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Early intervention in patch-type alopecia may prevent progression to more severe forms by targeting immune pathways and preserving keratin.

research Table 1_A meta-analysis of chemokines in alopecia areata: recruiting immune cells toward the hair follicle.docx

September 2025 in “Figshare”

Alopecia areata involves complex immune activity, mainly Th1, with potential benefits from broader immune treatments.

research Table 2_A meta-analysis of chemokines in alopecia areata: recruiting immune cells toward the hair follicle.docx

September 2025 in “Figshare”

Alopecia areata involves complex immune responses, suggesting broader treatments could help.

research Image 1_A meta-analysis of chemokines in alopecia areata: recruiting immune cells toward the hair follicle.png

September 2025 in “Figshare”

Alopecia areata involves complex immune responses, suggesting broader treatments could help.

research Primary cicatricial alopecias are characterized by dysregulation of shared gene expression pathways

19 citations , July 2022 in “PNAS Nexus”

Similar treatments might work for different types of scarring hair loss.

research Major Differences in Expression of Inflammatory Pathways in Skin from Different Body Sites of Healthy Individuals

18 citations , May 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Different parts of the body have unique immune characteristics in their skin.

research Mesenchymal Stem Cells Antagonize IFN-Induced Proinflammatory Changes and Growth Inhibition Effects via Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK/STAT Pathway in Human Outer Root Sheath Cells and Hair Follicles

14 citations , April 2021 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Mesenchymal stem cells may help treat hair loss by improving hair cell growth and reducing inflammation.

research 265 Modulation of disease-central cytokine pathways with TAK-279, a highly selective oral tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor, defines clinical response in patients with psoriasis

1 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TAK-279 effectively reduces psoriasis symptoms and is safe.

research BH17 Bridging the gap: identifying dual-targeting therapies for patients with alopecia areata and coexisting immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

June 2025 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Dual-targeting therapies like Janus kinase inhibitors may treat both alopecia areata and other immune diseases.

research ISID1338 - Epidermal growth factor receptor protects from immune privilege collapse and scarring hair follicle destruction

May 2023

EGFR helps protect hair follicles from damage and scarring.

research 1338 Epidermal growth factor receptor protects from immune privilege collapse and scarring hair follicle destruction

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Blocking EGFR can lead to hair loss due to inflammation and stem cell damage.

research 546 Epidermal growth factor receptor as a key regulator of the immune privilege

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

EGFR is crucial for preventing hair follicle inflammation and hair loss.

research Table 1_Integrated single-cell chromatin and transcriptomic analyses of peripheral immune cells in patients with alopecia areata.docx

July 2025 in “Figshare”

Alopecia areata involves immune system changes, especially in severe cases, with potential new treatment targets identified.

research 711 Small molecule wnt pathway inhibitor (SM04755) as a potential topical psoriasis treatment

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

SM04755 may be an effective topical treatment for psoriasis.