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GlossaryImmune Receptor

protein on immune cells that detects foreign substances

An immune receptor, also known as an immunoreceptor, is a protein found on the surface of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. These receptors recognize and bind to specific antigens (foreign substances like bacteria or viruses), triggering an immune response to help the body fight off infections.

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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Whose Receptor-Mediated Signaling May Be Defective in Alopecia Areata, Provides Protection from Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Collapse

research Vasoactive intestinal peptide, whose receptor-mediated signalling may be defective in alopecia areata, provides protection from hair follicle immune privilege collapse

36 citations , April 2016 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

A substance called VIP might protect hair follicles from being attacked by the immune system, and problems with VIP signaling could lead to hair loss in alopecia areata.

research Folate receptor β performs an immune checkpoint function in activated macrophages

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Folate receptor β helps suppress the immune system in macrophages and affects cancer growth and hair health.

research 1338 Epidermal growth factor receptor protects from immune privilege collapse and scarring hair follicle destruction

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Blocking EGFR can lead to hair loss due to inflammation and stem cell damage.

research Epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated kinase inhibitor treatment induces a distinct inflammatory hair follicle response that includes collapse of immune privilege

4 citations , June 2024 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

EGFRi/MEKi treatments cause hair follicles to lose some immune protection, leading to inflammation.

research Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor and mitogen-activated kinase inhibition on hair follicles (HFs): partial HF immune privilege collapse and excessive interleukin-33 secretion

1 citations , July 2024 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Inhibiting certain proteins harms hair follicle immunity and increases IL-33, affecting hair health.

research 546 Epidermal growth factor receptor as a key regulator of the immune privilege

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

EGFR is crucial for preventing hair follicle inflammation and hair loss.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4): New Insights into Immunity and Aging

research Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): new insight immune and aging

15 citations , November 2023 in “Immunity & ageing”

TLR4 is important in aging-related diseases and could be a new treatment target.

research 020 Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signalling promotes hair growth and inhibits perifollicular T-cell expansion and immune privilege collapse ex vivo

1 citations , October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research BI02 (P97): Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy induces a distinct inflammatory hair follicle response that includes a collapse of immune privilege

July 2022 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

research P97: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy induces a distinct inflammatory hair follicle response that includes a collapse of immune privilege

July 2022 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

research Effect of thioredoxin reductase 1 on glucocorticoid receptor activity in human outer root sheath cells

34 citations , March 2007 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

Thioredoxin reductase 1 does not affect glucocorticoid receptor activity in hair follicle cells.

research Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Channel in Skin Physiology and Pathology

12 citations , June 2020 in “Sultan Qaboos University medical journal”

TRPV4 channel affects skin health and could be a target for treating skin disorders.

research Multimodal roles of transient receptor potential channel activation in inducing pathological tissue scarification

7 citations , August 2023 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Targeting TRP channels may help reduce excessive scarring.

research LB1029 The common fragrance, linalool, promotes core hair follicle pathology events associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia through activating a cognate olfactory receptor in the bulge

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Linalool in fragrances may harm hair follicles and contribute to hair loss.

research Novel immune mechanisms in androgenetic alopecia

January 2024

Blocking GPR91 can help prevent and reverse hair loss in androgenetic alopecia.

TNC+ Fibroblasts Involved in Skin Inflammation via Neuro-Immune Interactions with T Cells

research TNC+ fibroblasts involve in skin inflammation via neuro-immune and interacting with T cells

September 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

TNC+ fibroblasts play a key role in skin inflammation by interacting with T cells.

research 307 Phenotypic-genotypic expansion of plectinopathy in a patient with muscular dystrophy and immune-mediated myasthenia gravis

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A patient with a new PLEC gene mutation showed symptoms of both muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis, which improved with steroid treatment.

research The pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 3 regulates skin barrier homeostasis

January 2014 in “eScholarship (California Digital Library)”

Toll-like receptor 3 helps repair the skin barrier after UV damage.

research The Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor: Biological and Molecular Regulatory Properties Revealed

1308 citations , March 1998 in “Journal of bone and mineral research”

The vitamin D receptor is crucial for bone health and affects various body systems, with mutations potentially leading to disease.

research In situ detection of retinoid-X receptor expression in normal and psoriatic human skin

42 citations , August 1995 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

RXR-alpha is strongly expressed in both normal and psoriatic skin and may help in skin cell differentiation and hair growth.

research IL-1 Receptor–Knockout Mice Develop Epidermal Cysts and Show an Altered Innate Immune Response after Exposure to UVB Radiation

20 citations , July 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-1 receptor absence in mice leads to skin cysts and changes in immune response after UVB exposure.

research Pinkie, the First Viable Germline Hypomorph Allele of Retinoid X Receptor Alpha, Reveals an Important Role for RXRa in Th2 Development.

2 citations , November 2004 in “Blood”

RXRa is crucial for Th2 immune cell development and may link nutrition to immune health.

research Macrophages as central mediators of sympathetic neuro-immune interplay in autoimmunity

December 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Restoring nerve-macrophage communication may help treat autoimmune diseases.

research The investigation of selective sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1&4 modulator to treat alopecia areata mouse model 2881

November 2025 in “The Journal of Immunology”

The S1PR 1&4 modulator may effectively treat alopecia areata by reducing hair loss and immune cell activity.

research 013 IL-15/IL-15Rα signaling is a guardian of human hair follicle immune privilege and promotes hair growth