January 2026 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Certain drugs can cause male infertility, so fertility counseling and sperm preservation are advised.
35 citations
,
September 2009 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” Early-life neurosteroid changes affect adolescent exploration and adult behavior.
10 citations
,
May 2014 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Allopregnanolone increases KCC2 expression in baby male rats' brains, while finasteride doesn't affect it.
1 citations
,
July 1990 in “European Journal of Pharmacology” 11 citations
,
June 2005 in “Veterinary Dermatology” Canine hair follicle cells convert progesterone into various metabolites, mainly cortisol.
Different drugs are used to manage breeding, prevent or end pregnancy, and treat reproductive issues in dogs and cats.
9 citations
,
July 2007 in “PubMed” Atrazine causes birth defects in rats, and finasteride can reliably create a hypospadias model.
10 citations
,
December 2019 in “in Vivo” Testosterone makes the connections in the uterus lining simpler and lowers certain protein levels, which might lead to infertility.
August 2011 in “Reproductive Toxicology” 24 citations
,
July 1980 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of norethindrone acetate in rats caused various organ changes but didn't significantly increase tumor rates.
17 citations
,
November 2017 in “Experimental physiology” Breathing in newborn rats is affected differently by hormones based on their sex.
December 2025 in “Fertility and Sterility” Both LNG-IUD and systemic progestins are effective for fertility-sparing treatment, but close monitoring is needed due to recurrence risk.
July 2008 in “Planta Medica” Acanthus montanus extract harms fetal development and causes infertility in offspring.
21 citations
,
July 2019 in “Cardiovascular Research” High levels of male hormones in pregnant mice cause heart enlargement and poor heart function in their female babies.
22 citations
,
January 1985 in “Annals of Internal Medicine” Minoxidil in breast milk may harm nursing infants.
January 2011 in “InTech eBooks” Pesticide exposure may increase the risk of hypospadias in males.
5 citations
,
May 2023 in “European Journal of Human Genetics” NIPT can help detect potential maternal cancer, and GIPXplore can identify immune diseases in pregnancies.
May 2025 in “Birth Defects Research” YWS1903 is safe for pregnant rats at moderate doses but causes fetal issues at high doses.
4 citations
,
March 2019 in “JAT. Journal of applied toxicology/Journal of applied toxicology” PFOS exposure disrupts hormone levels and enzyme activities in juvenile frogs, affecting males and females differently.
2 citations
,
February 2022 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) may cause or worsen skin conditions influenced by androgens.
September 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” High doses of testosterone disrupt hormone levels and receptor expression in the uterus, affecting fertility.
January 2010 in “Nonlinearity in Biology Toxicology Medicine” Low-dose effects in rodent studies are hard to confirm due to confounding factors and control group variability.
23 citations
,
April 2010 in “Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology” The piRNA pathway genes are crucial in early development and may influence sex differentiation through hormone regulation.
25 citations
,
September 1977 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of some contraceptive steroids cause health issues in dogs, but their relevance to humans is unclear.
July 2025 in “Annals of Medicine” Gestrinone pellets may help reduce pelvic pain in endometriosis safely.
January 2020 in “Nihon Yakuri Gakkai nenkai yoshishu” Reducing 5α-reductase activity helps endometrial cells differentiate, aiding pregnancy.
16 citations
,
March 1986 in “Biochemical Pharmacology”
37 citations
,
January 2009 in “Sexual Development” Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.
December 2025 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Finasteride is risky during pregnancy, but the chance of harm from a male partner taking it is low if handled safely.
24 citations
,
December 2009 in “Future Medicinal Chemistry” Using computers to analyze drugs can find new uses for them, but actual experiments are needed to confirm these uses.