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GlossaryInner Root Sheath

layer of cells supporting and shaping the growing hair shaft

The Inner Root Sheath (IRS) is a layer of cells that surrounds and supports the growing hair shaft within the hair follicle. It plays a crucial role in shaping the hair and guiding it as it emerges from the scalp. The IRS is composed of three distinct layers: Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and the cuticle of the inner root sheath, each contributing to the structural integrity and function of the hair follicle.

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Premature Desquamation of the Inner Root Sheath in Noninflamed Hair Follicles as a Specific Marker for Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia

research Premature Desquamation of the Inner Root Sheath in Noninflamed Hair Follicles as a Specific Marker for Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia

6 citations , December 2018 in “The American Journal of Dermatopathology”

Early shedding of the inner root sheath in noninflamed hair follicles is a relatively specific sign of Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia.

research Four murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the inner root sheath in the human hair follicle

1 citations , January 1989

Four antibodies were developed to help study hair follicle cell differentiation.

research 889 Trpv3 gain-of-function mutation impairs differentiation of hair follicle inner root sheath

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A specific mutation in the TRPV3 gene causes hair follicle cells to develop improperly, leading to hair loss.

research Keratin K6irs is specific to the inner root sheath of hair follicles in mice and humans

38 citations , October 2001 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Keratin K6irs is a marker for the inner root sheath of hair follicles in mice and humans.

research Vesicle Formation and Follicular Root Sheath Separation in Mice Homozygous for Deleterious Alleles at the Balding (bal) Locus

38 citations , September 1997 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A mutation in mice causes hair loss and skin issues due to a defect in a gene affecting cell adhesion.

The Early Region of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus Drives Proliferation, Altered Differentiation, and Ectopic Expression of Hair Follicle Differentiation Markers in Interfollicular Tail Epidermis

research LB1019 The early region of trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus drives proliferation, altered differentiation, and ectopic expression of hair follicle differentiation markers in interfollicular tail epidermis

July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The early genes of a specific virus can cause abnormal skin cell growth and hair follicle changes.

research Cytokeratins as Markers of Follicular Differentiation

121 citations , December 2001 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

TB and BCC tumors show similar follicular differentiation patterns.

LGR5 Is a Conserved Marker of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Multiple Species and Is Present Early and Throughout Follicle Morphogenesis

research LGR5 is a conserved marker of hair follicle stem cells in multiple species and is present early and throughout follicle morphogenesis

8 citations , June 2022 in “Scientific Reports”

LGR5 is a common marker of hair follicle stem cells in different animals and is important for hair growth and regeneration.

research The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence for trichohyalin, a differentiation marker in the hair follicle, contains a 23 amino acid repeat.

39 citations , February 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Trichohyalin, a hair follicle protein, has a part with repeating patterns of 23 amino acids.

research K6irs1, K6irs2, K6irs3, and K6irs4 Represent the Inner-Root-Sheath-Specific Type II Epithelial Keratins of the Human Hair Follicle1

130 citations , April 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Four specific keratins in hair follicles help understand hair structure and function.

research Heparanase 1: a key participant of inner root sheath differentiation program and hair follicle homeostasis

22 citations , June 2008 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Heparanase is essential for hair follicle health and inner root sheath differentiation.

research Progenitor cells expressing nestin, a neural crest stem cell marker, differentiate into outer root sheath keratinocytes

12 citations , July 2019 in “Veterinary Dermatology”

Nestin-expressing progenitor cells become outer root sheath keratinocytes.

research Self-assembled complete hair follicle organoids by coculture of neonatal mouse epidermal cells and dermal cells in Matrigel

4 citations , July 2022 in “Annals of translational medicine”

Scientists created complete hair-like structures by growing mouse skin cells together in a special gel.

Stress-Sensing in the Human Greying Hair Follicle: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Depletion in Hair Bulb Melanocytes in Canities-Prone Scalp

research Stress-sensing in the human greying hair follicle: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) depletion in hair bulb melanocytes in canities-prone scalp

14 citations , October 2020 in “Scientific reports”

Hair greying is linked to reduced ATM protein in hair cells, which protects against stress and damage.

research Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopecia

54 citations , January 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Scarring alopecia affects different hair follicle stem cells than nonscarring alopecia, and the infundibular region could be a new treatment target.

Involucrin, But Not Filaggrin and Kdap mRNA, Expression Is Downregulated in 3-D Cultures of Intact Rat Hair Bulbs After Calcium Stimulation

research Involucrin, but not filaggrin and Kdap mRNA, expression is downregulated in 3-D cultures of intact rat hair bulbs after calcium stimulation

3 citations , July 2011 in “Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica”

Calcium reduces involucrin in rat hair bulbs but doesn't affect filaggrin and Kdap.

research Transforming growth factor-alpha immunoreactivity during induced hair follicle growth cycles in sheep and ferrets.

6 citations , April 1996 in “Journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry/The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry”

TGF-alpha is present in sheep and ferret skin and may affect hair growth without directly stimulating cell proliferation.

research 011 Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA) Under the Scope: Histological Similarities between CCCA and Lichen Planopilaris

September 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

CCCA and lichen planopilaris have similar histological features, making them hard to distinguish.

research Keratin Expression Provides Novel Insight into the Morphogenesis and Function of the Companion Layer in Hair Follicles

38 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Keratin patterns in hair follicles help understand hair growth and potential hair and nail disorders.

Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.

CD10 and CD34 in Fetal and Adult Human Hair Follicles: Dynamic Changes in Their Immunohistochemical Expression During Embryogenesis and Hair Cycling

research CD10 and CD34 in fetal and adult human hair follicles: dynamic changes in their immunohistochemical expression during embryogenesis and hair cycling

25 citations , July 2008 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

CD10 and CD34 levels change during hair development and different hair growth stages, which could be important for hair regeneration treatments.

research Activation of the OVOL1-OVOL2 axis in the hair bulb and in pilomatricoma and pilomatrix carcinoma

September 2016 in “Journal of dermatological science”

The OVOL1-OVOL2 axis is important for hair follicle differentiation and can help diagnose certain hair-related tumors.

research Hair follicle regeneration from human pluripotent stem cells

January 2017 in “Journal of clinical & experimental dermatology research”

Scientists have found a way to create hair follicles from human stem cells, which could potentially be used to treat hair loss.

research ILK modulates epithelial polarity and matrix formation in hair follicles

22 citations , December 2013 in “Molecular biology of the cell”

ILK is essential for proper hair follicle development and structure.

Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Epithelial Progenitor Cells Differentiating into Outer Root Sheath Keratinocytes in Embryonic and Adult Hair Follicles

research Nestin as a marker of unipotent epithelial progenitor cells differentiate into outer root sheath keratinocytes in embryonic and adult hair follicles

June 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Nestin-expressing cells turn into a specific type of skin cell in hair follicles during development and in adults.

Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Epithelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation into Outer Root Sheath Keratinocytes in Embryonic and Adult Hair Follicles

research Nestin as a marker of unipotent epithelial progenitor cell differentiation into outer root sheath keratinocytes in embryonic and adult hair follicles

May 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Nestin marks cells that can become a specific type of skin cell in hair follicles of both developing and adult mice.

Fine Structure and Immunocytochemistry of Monotreme Hairs, with Emphasis on the Inner Root Sheath and Trichohyalin-Based Cornification During Hair Evolution

research Fine structure and immunocytochemistry of monotreme hairs, with emphasis on the inner root sheath and trichohyalin‐based cornification during hair evolution

15 citations , July 2004 in “Journal of morphology”

Monotreme hair structure and protein distribution are similar to other mammals, but their inner root sheath cornifies differently, suggesting a unique evolution from reptile skin.