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GlossaryKeratin 2

protein providing structural strength to skin, hair, and nails

Keratin 2 (KRT2) is a type of protein found in the outer layer of the skin, hair, and nails. It plays a crucial role in providing structural strength and resilience to these tissues, helping to protect them from damage and wear. Mutations in the KRT2 gene can lead to skin disorders such as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens, which is characterized by blistering and scaling of the skin.

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The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The human type I keratin gene family: Characterization of new hair follicle specific members and evaluation of the chromosome 17q21.2 gene domain

70 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

The study identified and characterized new keratin genes linked to hair follicles and epithelial tissues.

research Binding Interactions of Keratin-Based Hair Fiber Extract to Gold, Keratin, and BMP-2

22 citations , August 2015 in “PloS one”

Keratin from hair binds well to gold and BMP-2, useful for bone repair.

research The Mean Staple Length of Wool Fibre Is Associated with Variation in the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 21-2 Gene

4 citations , January 2020 in “Genes”

The KRTAP21-2 gene affects wool length and quality in sheep.

research Identification of the Keratin-Associated Protein 22-2 Gene in the Capra hircus and Association of Its Variation with Cashmere Traits

1 citations , September 2023 in “Animals”

A new goat gene affects cashmere fiber thickness; certain variations can make the fibers coarser.

research Chemical modification of keratin fibers using 2‐iminothiorane hydrochloride

16 citations , October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science”

2-iminothiorane hydrochloride improves hair waving permanence without damage.

research Histopathological Analysis on keratin2-6 g Expression in Hair Mutant Mouse Hague

January 2002 in “Proceedings of The Japanese Society of Animal Models for Human Diseases”

Keratin2-6g is crucial for hair follicle development, with mutations causing cell degeneration and vacuolation.

research Characterization of the Human Hair Keratin–Associated Protein 2 (KRTAP2) Gene Family

52 citations , April 2012 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

KRTAP2 genes are crucial for hair structure and may impact hair disorders and treatments.

research Corrigendum to “Endocrine controls of primary adult human stem cell biology: Thyroid hormones stimulate keratin 15 expression, apoptosis, and differentiation in human hair follicle epithelial stem cells in situ and in vitro” [Eur. J. Cell Biol. (2010) 769–777]

1 citations , November 2012 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

The authors clarified data overlap and corrected a figure error, apologizing for any confusion.

research Ovine KRTAP36-2: A New Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Related to Variation in Wool Yield

November 2023 in “Genes”

The KRTAP36-2 gene in sheep affects wool yield.

research Effective Penetration of the Oxidized Keratin‐Rebonding Materials Into Hair Shafts Based on Charge Conversion (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 12/2026)

March 2026 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

research Re: “Annurca Apple Nutraceutical Formulation Enhances Keratin Expression in a Human Model of Skin and Promotes Hair Growth and Tropism in a Randomized Clinical Trial” by Tenore et al. (J Med Food 2018;21:90–103)

2 citations , November 2019 in “Journal of Medicinal Food”

research One‐Step Tunable Human Hair Keratin Gradient Hydrogel with Antibacterial Activity for Tissue Engineering (Small 52/2025)

December 2025 in “Small”

A new hydrogel made from human hair keratin can help regenerate skin and fight bacteria.

research Molecular evolution of the keratin associated protein gene family in mammals, role in the evolution of mammalian hair (vol 8, pg 241, 2008)

January 2009

research Mechanisms of hepatocyte attachment to keratin biomaterials

53 citations , July 2011 in “Biomaterials”

Human liver cells stick to hair protein materials mainly through the liver's asialoglycoprotein receptor.

research Insights on the mechanical behavior of keratin fibrils

13 citations , May 2016 in “International journal of biological macromolecules”

Keratin's mechanical properties are influenced by hydrogen bonds and secondary structure, and can be improved with the SPD-2 peptide.

ERK1/2 Pathway Involvement in Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum Tricornutum Extract on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

research ERK1/2 Pathway Is Involved in the Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extract (PTE) on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

2 citations , January 2020 in “BioMed Research International”

Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract helps hair follicle cells grow by activating the ERK1/2 pathway.

research AP-2α/AP-2β transcription factors are key regulators of epidermal homeostasis

December 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

AP-2α and AP-2β proteins are essential for healthy adult skin and hair.

research Symposium Proceedings of the 4th Intercontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies: “The World of Hair 2004”

November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

The 2004 hair research meeting presented new findings on hair cell differentiation, genetic factors in hair loss, hair pigmentation, and potential targeted therapies.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

Hair proteins have weak spots in their α-helical segments.

research Keratin-mediated hair growth and its underlying biological mechanism

7 citations , November 2022 in “Communications biology”

Keratin injections can promote hair growth by affecting hair-forming cells and tissue development.

Deletion of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-Lineage Mesenchymal Cells Leads to Congenital Truncal Alopecia

research Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia

March 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Removing a specific gene in certain skin cells causes hair loss on the body by disrupting normal hair development.

Peer Review of Human Hair Shaft Proteomic Profiling: Individual Differences, Site Specificity, and Cuticle Analysis

research Peer Review #2 of "Human hair shaft proteomic profiling: individual differences, site specificity and cuticle analysis (v0.1)"

August 2014

The research found that people's hair proteins vary, especially by ethnicity and body part, which could help identify individuals in forensic science.

research George Ernest Rogers 1927–2021

June 2023 in “Historical records of Australian science/Historical Records of Australian Science”

George Ernest Rogers was a notable scientist who made important discoveries about hair and wool proteins.

Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of a Health Claim Related to KF2BL20 and Maintenance of Normal Hair Pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

research Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to KF2BL20 and maintenance of normal hair pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

1 citations , July 2012 in “EFSA journal”

KF2BL20 does not have proven benefits for maintaining normal hair.

research J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 203-215 (May/June 2008) ï¿½Effects of permanent waving on changes of protein and physicomorphological properties in human head hair

May 2009 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Permanent waving damages hair protein and weakens hair, especially with repeated treatments using sodium thioglycolate.

research Merkel cell differentiation in trichoblastoma

34 citations , January 1998 in “Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin”

Trichoblastomas may mimic fetal skin development by having many Merkel cells, unlike adult skin.

research Merkel Cells in Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions of the Skin

24 citations , January 1998 in “Dermatology”

Merkel cell increase is specific to certain skin diseases, not general skin growth.

Thyroid Hormones Directly Alter Human Hair Follicle Functions: Anagen Prolongation and Stimulation of Both Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Proliferation and Hair Pigmentation

research Thyroid Hormones Directly Alter Human Hair Follicle Functions: Anagen Prolongation and Stimulation of Both Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Proliferation and Hair Pigmentation

115 citations , August 2008 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Thyroid hormones help hair grow, reduce hair loss, and increase hair pigment.

research Biochemistry of epidermal stem cells

26 citations , July 2012 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects”

The review found that different stem cell types in the skin are crucial for repair and could help treat skin diseases and cancer.

research Seasonal Gene Expression Profile Responsible for Hair Follicle Development in Angora Goats

January 2023 in “Kafkas üniversitesi veteriner fakültesi dergisi/Kafkas üniversitesi veteriner fakültesi dergisi”

Seasonal changes affect gene activity linked to hair growth in Angora goats.