June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The HoxC gene cluster and its enhancers are essential for developing hair and nails in mammals.
January 2005 in “Journal of Zhejiang University(Sciences Edition)” Yuyi hairless mice lose hair after birth, develop thick, loose skin with folds, and show disorganized skin structure as they age.
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February 1991 in “Development” Fos protein is crucial for cell transition to cornification in keratinized tissues.
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April 2009 in “Mycoses” Microsporum gypseum fungus breaks down keratin in hair by digesting it enzymatically, starting with less keratinized parts.
December 2023 in “Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks” Nails are a useful alternative to hair for analyzing long-term substance exposure.
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March 1994 in “Developmental dynamics” Apoptosis is essential for human skin development and forming a functional epidermis.
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December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology” Scientists successfully created mouse hair proteins in the lab, which are stable and similar to natural hair.
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October 1988 in “Clinics in Dermatology” The molecular details of hair growth are not well understood.
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January 1983 in “Brain Research Reviews” Monkey lips have dense sensory nerves similar to those in other skin areas, explaining their sensitivity.
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August 1982 in “Archives of dermatology” A new side effect of aromatic retinoid treatment is soft nails.
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January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research” Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.
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April 2019 in “Journal of Structural Biology” Keratin fibers in hair twist left-handed.
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October 2009 in “Veterinary Dermatology” Canine claws have complex structures with different keratin types, similar to hair and nails.
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January 1998 in “ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA” Hair keratins are mainly on macrofibrils in the cortex and in the endocuticle in the cuticle.
September 2023 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine” Talquetamab may cause hair loss and skin issues.
January 2015 in “Chinese Veterinary Science” Recognizing ultrastructures of cashmere goat hair follicles helps identify and locate follicle layers.
August 2013 in “日本医療薬学会年会講演要旨集” Hair contains complex lipids, including cholesterol and fatty acids, similar to skin.
January 2012 in “eScholarship (California Digital Library)” Hair and nails contain stable RNA, useful for personalized medicine and screening.
May 2005 in “Zhonghua chuangshang guke zazhi” Human hair keratin can help nerve regeneration and is a promising material for nerve repair.
January 1995 in “Skin Cancer” The outer root sheath in hair follicles changes during growth, with different keratinization processes in its layers.
January 2017 in “대한미용학회지” The cuticle layer in hair follicles thickens during keratinization due to incomplete cytosol loss.
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August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
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May 2024 in “Tissue Barriers” The skin's outer layer relies on lipids and proteins to protect against damage.
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June 1979 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” Keratins provide structural strength in epithelial cells and help identify cell origins.
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October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
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July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” 252 citations
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January 1991 in “Electron Microscopy Reviews” 44 citations
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
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July 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Removing centrosomes from skin cells leads to thinner skin and stops hair growth, but does not greatly affect skin cell differentiation.