54 citations
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November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
January 2019 in “The Annals of Thoracic Surgery” The document concludes that careful planning and execution of facial gender affirmation surgery after at least 12 months of hormonal therapy can improve the quality of life for transgender individuals.
MTS effectively improves hair density and thickness in menopausal women with hair loss.
31 citations
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January 2017 in “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology” Low testosterone and 5α-reductase inhibitors can harm men's metabolic and sexual health; testosterone therapy may help, but discussing 5α-RIs' side effects is important.
The document concludes that antiandrogenic drugs like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone are effective but not permanent treatments for skin-related androgenization in women.
282 citations
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October 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.
16 citations
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June 2022 in “Transgender Health” Oocyte retrieval is possible for transgender men on testosterone therapy without affecting fertility outcomes.
34 citations
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November 2017 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” A transwoman developed a brain tumor after nine years of hormone therapy, suggesting a possible link between the treatment and tumor development.
July 2025 in “AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes” Ovarian hyperthecosis caused high testosterone and virilization symptoms in a 60-year-old woman, which improved after surgery.
3 citations
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November 2013 in “PubMed”
7 citations
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April 2012 in “Clinical investigation” Transdermal testosterone can improve sexual desire in postmenopausal women but lacks long-term safety data and is not FDA-approved for this use.
December 2025 in “Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas” 1 citations
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September 1981 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate effectively treats virilized women, especially under 35, despite some side effects.
51 citations
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April 1999 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone replacement may improve sexual desire and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed on its long-term safety.
39 citations
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January 2019 in “The World Journal of Men's Health” Testosterone replacement therapy can prevent men from fathering children and should not be used by those wanting to stay fertile.
9 citations
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February 2022 in “Biomedicines” Testosterone treatment may change estrogen receptor methylation in AFAB individuals.
December 2013 in “Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences” A woman's excessive hair growth and high testosterone were caused by a rare ovarian tumor, which was successfully treated with surgery.
26 citations
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January 2020 in “Przegląd Menopauzalny” Menopausal women have higher androgen levels, which can cause symptoms like facial hair growth and low sexual desire.
67 citations
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January 1987 in “The Journal of urology/The journal of urology” New hormonal therapies can help treat advanced prostate cancer but may cause testicular issues.
Bilateral Orchiectomy effectively reduces the need for anti-androgen medication in most transgender females.
December 2022 in “Urology Herald” Hormonal status from androgen deprivation therapy may affect COVID-19 severity in men.
1 citations
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January 2001 in “Endocrine Practice” Topical finasteride may help treat facial hirsutism in women.
8 citations
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February 2009 in “Current Women's Health Reviews” Testosterone treatment can improve sexual function and bone density in women but may have adverse effects and requires more research on safety and guidelines.
417 citations
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February 2004 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Testosterone therapy increases bone density in older men with low testosterone levels.
December 2013 in “Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences” Ovarian steroid cell tumors should be considered in adults with hirsutism and high testosterone, with surgery as the main treatment.
68 citations
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February 2019 in “Urology” Hormonal treatment in transgender women reduces semen quality, but stopping treatment may improve it.
October 2025 in “F1000Research” Postmenopausal women with excess male hormones may have ovarian tumors, and surgery usually cures them.