February 2024 in “Hormones” Future hormone therapy trials should match the diverse needs and priorities of the gender-diverse community.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's severe male-like symptoms were caused by a rare, benign tumor in her ovary that produced male hormones.
18 citations
,
February 2016 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.
15 citations
,
June 2020 in “Experimental Dermatology” Hormones and genes affect hair growth and male baldness.
9 citations
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September 1996 in “PubMed” 4 citations
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January 1996 in “PubMed”
70 citations
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April 2014 in “Annales d'endocrinologie” New genes and pathways are important for testosterone production and male sexual development.
9 citations
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February 2020 in “International Journal of Endocrinology” Some men with early hair loss may have a male version of PCOS, affecting hormones and increasing health risks.
May 2013 in “UTUPub (University of Turku)” Including androgens in hormone therapy may lower breast cancer risk.
1 citations
,
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Androgens reduce THY1 in skin cells, leading to less fat, more fibrosis, and worse healing in males.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
12 citations
,
March 2017 in “Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology” Testosterone helps prevent skin damage in males by acting through both estrogen and androgen pathways.
22 citations
,
January 2002 in “Treatments in endocrinology” Birth control pills help treat skin and hair growth problems linked to high male hormone levels.
January 2026 in “JCEM Case Reports” Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
658 citations
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June 2003 in “Endocrine reviews” Male hormones may play a role in the development of heart disease, and more research is needed to understand their effects.
January 2014 in “Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)” 17 citations
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October 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”
November 2017 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Men are increasingly interested in cosmetic treatments that enhance masculinity and address aging without downtime, with tailored approaches for different ethnicities and a focus on hair restoration and body contouring.
January 2014 in “European Geriatric Medicine” A postmenopausal woman's virilization was caused by a rare ovarian tumor that was hard to detect but was successfully treated with surgery.
43 citations
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July 2003 in “Andrology” Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.
2 citations
,
November 2018 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” Significant facial gender transformation requires surgery, not nonsurgical methods.
January 2021 in “Case Reports” A 71-year-old woman developed male-like features due to high testosterone levels caused by a benign ovarian tumor, which was successfully removed by surgery.
36 citations
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May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
26 citations
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January 2020 in “Przegląd Menopauzalny” Menopausal women have higher androgen levels, which can cause symptoms like facial hair growth and low sexual desire.
233 citations
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November 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Creating stronger blockers for skin enzymes might lead to better treatment for conditions like acne and excessive hair growth.
3 citations
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August 2021 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Facial hair is crucial for transgender men's gender identity and transition.
July 2024 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” In post-menopausal women, signs of increased male hormones should be checked for possible ovarian cancer.
67 citations
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April 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A subtle androgen receptor abnormality can allow normal male development and sometimes fertility despite partial androgen resistance.
Hormones beyond androgens may cause acne and hair loss.