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GlossaryMelanocortin 1 Receptor

regulates melanin production, affecting hair and skin color

The Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) is a protein found on the surface of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Variations in the MC1R gene can influence hair color, skin tone, and susceptibility to UV radiation, and are also associated with red hair and fair skin.

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research Detection of Functionally Active Melanocortin Receptors and Evidence for an Immunoregulatory Activity of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

60 citations , August 2005 in “Endocrinology”

αMSH may help regulate immune responses in hair follicles and its disruption could lead to hair loss.

research Selected variants of the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) do not confer susceptibility to female pattern hair loss

9 citations , November 2012 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

MC4R gene variants not linked to female hair loss.

research Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling controls hair pigmentation by means of cross-talk with the melanocortin receptor-1 pathway

70 citations , December 2004 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

BMP signaling affects hair color by interacting with the MC-1R pathway.

research Finasteride Inhibits Melanogenesis throughthe Regulation of Melanocortin 1 Receptorin Melanocytes

April 2015 in “한국생물공학회 학술대회”

Finasteride reduces melanin production in skin cells.

research Effect of Tribulus Terrestris Extract of Different Dosings on Melanocortin-1 Receptor Expression in Mouse Hair Follicles

January 2009 in “The Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology”

Higher doses of Tribulus terrestris extract increase MC-1R expression in mouse hair follicles.

research Down-regulation of Melanocortin Receptor Signaling Mediated by the Amino Terminus of Agouti Protein in XenopusMelanophores

43 citations , May 1999 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Agouti protein affects melanocortin receptors through competitive antagonism and receptor down-regulation.

research Melanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R, ACTH receptor) expression in patients with alopecia areata

22 citations , June 2010 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Lower MC2R expression may contribute to alopecia areata.

research An implication for post-transcriptional control: Reciprocal changes of melanocortin receptor type 2 mRNA and protein expression in alopecia areata

7 citations , October 2010 in “Medical Hypotheses”

Alopecia areata may involve stress-related changes affecting hormone receptors, leading to reduced cortisol production.

research Expression of melanocortin receptors on cutaneous fibroblastic cells – collagen and beyond

1 citations , January 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology”

MC-1R in skin cells may influence inflammation and collagen production.

research Melanocortin receptors in fibroblastic cell types of the skin –in vitro and in vivo expression and functional relevance

1 citations , September 2004 in “Experimental Dermatology”

MC-1R is present in skin cells and may help reduce inflammation.

research Melanocortins in fibroblast biology – current update and future perspective for dermatology

32 citations , October 2004 in “Experimental Dermatology”

α-MSH may help treat skin inflammation and fibrosis.

research Receptors in trichology: Hot spots for hair regeneration

January 2013 in “International journal of trichology”

Vitamin D3 and its receptor are important for hair growth, and understanding receptors could help treat hair graying and skin cancer.

research EdnrB Governs Regenerative Response of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Crosstalk with Wnt Signaling

59 citations , April 2016 in “Cell Reports”

EdnrB signaling helps melanocyte stem cells regenerate and could be targeted to treat pigmentation issues.

research Piecing together the pigment-type switching puzzle

10 citations , November 2009 in “Pigment cell & melanoma research”

The document concludes that MGRN1 affects mouse fur color by interfering with a receptor's signaling, but its full role in the body is still unknown.

research Spectrum of Phenotypes Associated with Human MC1R Variations

June 2025 in “Albus Scientia”

MC1R gene variations affect skin, hair color, UV sensitivity, and melanoma risk.

research AMPK Phosphorylates ZDHHC13 to Increase MC1R Activity and Suppress Melanomagenesis

24 citations , January 2023 in “Cancer Research”

AMPK activation may reduce melanoma risk in red-haired individuals.

research Regrowth of black hair in two red‐haired alopecia areata patients

5 citations , February 2012 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

Two red-haired men with alopecia areata regrew black hair instead of red.

research Melanocytes and Vitiligo (and Hair Graying)

1 citations , January 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks”

Melanocytes produce melanin; their defects cause vitiligo and hair graying, with treatments available for vitiligo.

research The color of human hair

1 citations , January 2012 in “Human health handbooks”

Hair color is determined by melanin types and gene activity.

research Dissecting the Impact of α-MSH-MC1R-cAMP Signaling on UVA-Induced Stress in Fibroblasts - Implications for Regulation of Cutaneous Photoaging

January 2026 in “Aging and Disease”

The α-MSH-MC1R-cAMP pathway does not protect skin cells from UVA damage.

research Activity evaluation of epidermo-melanin unit and dermal damage in melasma

January 2016 in “UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University)”

Melasma results from changes in the skin's pigment and structure, not just pigment cell growth.

research The color of human hair

November 2011

Human hair color is determined by melanin types and genetic factors.

research FDA-Approved (Bremelanotide, Flibanserin) and Off-Label Medications (Testosterone, Sildenafil) to Enhance Sexual Desire/Function in Women

April 2020 in “Online journal of complementary & alternative medicine”

Some medications can help increase sexual desire and function in women.

research A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation

56 citations , November 2010 in “Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research”

Brain hormones significantly affect hair color and could potentially be used to prevent or reverse grey hair.

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Related Terms

Research

research Detection of Functionally Active Melanocortin Receptors and Evidence for an Immunoregulatory Activity of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

research Selected variants of the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) do not confer susceptibility to female pattern hair loss

research Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling controls hair pigmentation by means of cross-talk with the melanocortin receptor-1 pathway

research Finasteride Inhibits Melanogenesis throughthe Regulation of Melanocortin 1 Receptorin Melanocytes

research Effect of Tribulus Terrestris Extract of Different Dosings on Melanocortin-1 Receptor Expression in Mouse Hair Follicles

research Down-regulation of Melanocortin Receptor Signaling Mediated by the Amino Terminus of Agouti Protein in XenopusMelanophores

research Melanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R, ACTH receptor) expression in patients with alopecia areata

research An implication for post-transcriptional control: Reciprocal changes of melanocortin receptor type 2 mRNA and protein expression in alopecia areata

research Expression of melanocortin receptors on cutaneous fibroblastic cells – collagen and beyond

research Melanocortin receptors in fibroblastic cell types of the skin –in vitro and in vivo expression and functional relevance

research Melanocortins in fibroblast biology – current update and future perspective for dermatology

research Receptors in trichology: Hot spots for hair regeneration

research EdnrB Governs Regenerative Response of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Crosstalk with Wnt Signaling

research Piecing together the pigment-type switching puzzle

research Spectrum of Phenotypes Associated with Human MC1R Variations

research AMPK Phosphorylates ZDHHC13 to Increase MC1R Activity and Suppress Melanomagenesis

research Regrowth of black hair in two red‐haired alopecia areata patients

research Melanocytes and Vitiligo (and Hair Graying)

research The color of human hair

research Dissecting the Impact of α-MSH-MC1R-cAMP Signaling on UVA-Induced Stress in Fibroblasts - Implications for Regulation of Cutaneous Photoaging

research Activity evaluation of epidermo-melanin unit and dermal damage in melasma

research The color of human hair

research Local Actions of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Regulate Hair Color

research “Sebocytes’ makeup” - Novel mechanisms and concepts in the physiology of the human sebaceous glands

research Efficacy of an agonist ofα-MSH, the palmitoyl tetrapeptide-20, in hair pigmentation

research The Role of gp91phox and the Effect of Tranexamic Acid Administration on Hair Color in Mice

research Montagna Symposium 2013—Light and Skin: How Light Sustains, Damages, Treats, Images and Modifies Skin Biology

research 457 Impact of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on mitochondrial function in human dermal fibroblasts

research FDA-Approved (Bremelanotide, Flibanserin) and Off-Label Medications (Testosterone, Sildenafil) to Enhance Sexual Desire/Function in Women

research A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation