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GlossaryMemory T Cells

cells that remember past infections for faster future responses

Memory T Cells, also known as Memory T Lymphocytes, are a type of immune cell that "remembers" past infections. After an initial encounter with a pathogen, these cells persist in the body and can quickly mount a strong immune response if the same pathogen is encountered again, providing long-term immunity. This is crucial for the effectiveness of vaccines and the body's ability to fight off repeated infections.

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research Skin CD4+ memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation

155 citations , May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

research 036 Expanded T cells under lymphopenic condition exhibit memory phenotype and infiltrate around hair follicle

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

T cells with memory features grow in number and gather around hair follicles when there are not enough immune cells.

research 068 Pathogenic Th17 cells, CD8+CD69+CD49a- tissue-resident memory T cells and common γ chain receptor + natural killer cells express more IL-17, compared to IFN-γ, under the foxp3+ memory regulatory T cells-depleted microenvironment in patients with chronic alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-17 plays a key role in severe hair loss in chronic alopecia areata.

research 083 More Expression of IL-17 than IFN-γ from CD49a-negative Tissue-Resident Memory T (Trm) cells at the Hair Bulge and Hair Bulb Region in the Scalp of Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients according to the Foxp3+mTregs depletion

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-17 and certain immune cells are linked to more severe alopecia areata.

research Cutting Edge: Memory Regulatory T Cells Require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for Their Maintenance in Peripheral Tissues

140 citations , March 2013 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Memory regulatory T cells need IL-7, not IL-2, to stay in peripheral tissues.

research Predominant expression of interleukin (IL)‐17 in chronic alopecia areata compared to IFN‐γ in pathogenic Th17 cells, tissue‐resident memory T cells and natural killer cells

3 citations , January 2023 in “JEADV Clinical Practice”

IL-17 is more important than IFN-γ in causing severe hair loss in chronic alopecia areata.

research 0960 Evidence for resident memory T cells and necroptosis as drivers of fibrosis in eosinophilic fasciitis and morphea

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Resident memory T cells and necroptosis may drive fibrosis in eosinophilic fasciitis and morphea.

research Local heroes or villains: tissue-resident memory T cells in human health and disease

67 citations , January 2020 in “Cellular & Molecular Immunology/Cellular & molecular immunology”

Tissue-resident memory T cells can protect against infections and cancer but may also contribute to autoimmune diseases.

research New insights into inflammatory memory of epidermal stem cells

2 citations , May 2023 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Skin stem cells remember past inflammation, helping them respond better to future injuries and possibly aiding in treating skin issues.

research 586 Increase in CD8+ effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) reflects disease activity and enables early prediction of therapeutic outcome in rapidly progressive alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Increased TEMRA cells can predict treatment outcomes in rapidly progressive alopecia areata.

research Hair follicle–derived IL-7 and IL-15 mediate skin-resident memory T cell homeostasis and lymphoma

245 citations , October 2015 in “Nature medicine”

Hair follicle-derived IL-7 and IL-15 are crucial for maintaining skin-resident memory T cells and could be targeted for treating skin diseases and lymphoma.

research Resident Memory T Cells in Autoimmune Skin Diseases

50 citations , May 2021 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Certain immune cells contribute to skin autoimmune diseases, and some treatments can reverse hair loss in these conditions.

research Stiffness-Controlled Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Cell Harvesting with Sustained Mechanical Memory

22 citations , January 2017 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

The hydrogels help harvest cells while preserving their mechanical memory, which could improve wound healing.

research Possible Involvement of Skin‐Resident Memory T Cells in Refractory Chronic Alopecia Areata

January 2026 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Skin-resident memory T cells may contribute to chronic alopecia areata and baricitinib could be a potential treatment.

research 470 Exploring the possible involvement of skin-resident memory T cells in refractory chronic alopecia areata

November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Chronic refractory alopecia areata has more skin-resident memory T cells, and JAK inhibitors may help reduce them.

research Predominance of CD27-PD-1- Effector Memory T Cells Re-Expressing CD45RA Characterizes Treatment-Resistant Severe Alopecia Areata

2 citations , June 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

CD8+ T cells re-expressing CD45RA may predict treatment resistance in severe alopecia areata.

research Dormant tumor cells in ret transgenic mouse melanoma model and their interaction with memory T cells

January 2012 in “heiDOK (Heidelberg University)”

Dormant melanoma cells in mice interact minimally with memory T cells due to a suppressive tumor environment.

Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Effects of Human Hair Follicle Stem Cells on Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats: Insights into Inflammation and Neurotrophic Mechanisms

research Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of human hair follicle stem cells on streptozotocin-induced memory impairment in rats: insights into inflammation and neurotrophic mechanisms

May 2025

Human hair follicle stem cells improved memory and brain health in rats.

research 499 Possible involvement of skin resident memory T cells in refractory alopecia areata

November 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Developing Human Skin Contains Lymphocytes Demonstrating a Memory Signature

25 citations , November 2020 in “Cell Reports Medicine”

Developing human skin has immune cells with memory-like features.

research Gamma/delta T cells and human skin reactivity to heavy metals

13 citations , February 1995 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Gamma/delta T cells help defend skin against heavy metals.

research Low-Dose IL-2 for Treating Moderate to Severe Alopecia Areata: A 52-Week Multicenter Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing its Impact on T Regulatory Cell and NK Cell Populations

22 citations , September 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The study's results on the effectiveness of low-dose IL-2 for alopecia areata and its impact on immune cells were not provided.

research 058 Subset analysis of NKG2D+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The study suggests that a specific type of immune cell, memory-like NK cells, may increase during active hair loss in Alopecia areata.

research DNA Methylation as an Epigenetic Memory Keeper during Skin Development and Regeneration

1 citations , January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine”

DNA methylation is essential for skin and hair follicle development, and could be a target for treating skin diseases.

research 042 Characterization of Pathogenic CD8+ T Cells in an adoptive transfer Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ mice

November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Certain CD8+ T cells attack hair follicles in alopecia areata, suggesting they could be targeted for treatment.

research Single-cell sequencing combined with spatial transcriptomics reveals the characteristics of follicle-targeted inflammation patterns in primary cicatricial alopecia

July 2025 in “Cell & Bioscience”

Specific immune cells and pathways contribute to hair follicle inflammation and hair loss, suggesting potential treatments for lichen planopilaris.

research Skin-infiltrating CD4+ lymphoma cells depend on hair follicle-derived IL-7

September 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Hair follicles produce IL-7, which is essential for certain skin lymphoma cells to survive.

research SOCS3 treatment prevents the development of alopecia areata by inhibiting CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction

16 citations , March 2017 in “Oncotarget”

SOCS3 treatment can prevent hair loss by stopping harmful immune responses.

research Skin in the Game: Stem Cells in Repair, Cancer, and Homeostasis

2 citations , March 2020 in “Cell”

Elaine Fuchs' research shows how skin stem cells maintain health, aid in healing, and are involved in cancer.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations , July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

Blocking the CXCR3 receptor reduces T cell accumulation in the skin and prevents hair loss in mice.