Human hair can almost fully recover its structure within about 1,000 minutes after being stretched.
25 citations
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May 2019 in “Heliyon” Hair treatments cause significant structural changes, especially with excessive heat, regardless of ethnicity.
May 2024 in “Ultramicroscopy” Atomic Force Microscopy is a more accurate way to assess hair damage and the effect of cosmetic treatments.
13 citations
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May 2001 in “Current problems in dermatology” Keratin proteins in epithelial cells are dynamic and crucial for cell processes and disease understanding.
32 citations
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November 1998 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” Mouse and human keratin 16 can both form filaments, with differences likely due to the tail domain, not the helical domain.
81 citations
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December 2007 in “Acta materialia” AFM helped show how hair changes under tension and the effects of damage and conditioner.
NuMA-microtubule interactions are vital for proper skin structure formation and function.
January 2014 in “한국미용학회지” UV-A radiation significantly damages semi-permanent dyed hair.
January 2013 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Microfibrils are key for permanent waves, and hydrolyzed keratin improves wave formation and hair condition.
3 citations
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July 2019 in “Fibers And Polymers/Fibers and polymers” 7 citations
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September 2020 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Different sizes of keratin peptides can strengthen hair, with smaller ones possibly increasing volume and larger ones repairing damage.
8 citations
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August 1993 in “Colloid & Polymer Science” The observed "toughening" in keratin was actually due to water evaporation, not a real change in keratin.
September 2024 in “Heliyon” Repeated hair dyeing significantly damages hair.
December 2023 in “Sains Malaysiana” The enzyme Rand protease works well for leather dehairing and its stability is important, with Leu75 playing a key role.
14 citations
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September 2016 in “Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology” UV exposure damages hair, increasing thiols and altering protein structure.
30 citations
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April 2017 in “Journal of structural biology” Human hair keratin fibers have a detailed nano-scale structure that changes with different conditions.
January 2017 in “Durham e-Theses (Durham University)” Chemical stressors damage hair structure but the skin's outer layer protects living cells.
February 2020 in “Oxford University Press eBooks” The alpha-helix was confirmed as a key structure in proteins.
Arabidopsis Formin 2 stabilizes actin filaments to aid cell-to-cell trafficking.
4 citations
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August 2014 in “Journal of molecular structure” Chemical treatments on bleached black hair change its internal structure by breaking and reforming bonds, and treatments with hydrolyzed eggwhite protein help repair it.
Yak hair stretches mainly due to macromolecules slipping past each other.
46 citations
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December 1998 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” Keratin 19 forms less stable and shorter filaments than keratin 14, giving unique traits to certain skin cells.
3 citations
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August 2024 in “The Journal of Cell Biology” Actin filaments help stabilize and reshape cell membranes.
49 citations
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January 1972 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure” 16 citations
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November 2017 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Cells in hair die by breaking down their DNA and mitochondria as they form keratin.
NaOH treatment improves hair strength and suitability for textiles.
18 citations
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January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Thioglycolic acid and L-cysteine change hair structure differently during perms, affecting hair strength and curling efficiency.
191 citations
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November 1959 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” Hair and wool have complex microscopic structures with microfibrils and varying cystine content.
Hydrophobic modifications make human hair less affected by water.
34 citations
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October 1982 in “Journal of applied polymer science” Moisture content significantly affects how human hair breaks.