October 2025 in “Preprints.org” Male and female mice handle stress differently.
40 citations
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November 2011 in “American Journal of Human Biology” Stress from being transgender is linked to higher blood pressure at night and more inflammation, which may affect heart health.
1 citations
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July 2025 in “International Journal of Women’s Dermatology” Women's minoxidil products cost more and are less effective than men's.
9 citations
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November 1993 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Some men can have female pattern baldness without hormonal abnormalities or signs of feminization.
22 citations
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April 2012 in “The American journal of pathology” Loss of Msx2 function causes eye development issues similar to Peters anomaly.
138 citations
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November 1974 in “Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society” Males and females differ in lifespan, growth, organ size, metabolism, and brain structure, with females generally living longer and maturing earlier.
1 citations
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October 2017 in “Elsevier eBooks” Antiandrogens can treat female hormonal conditions, but environmental ones may harm reproductive health.
2 citations
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September 2024 in “Animal Cells and Systems” Hepatitis B virus alters steroid hormones in male mice, reducing dihydrotestosterone to inhibit viral replication.
January 1995 in “Adolescent and pediatric gynecology” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause different levels of androgen insensitivity, making it hard to create simple tests for the condition.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Male pattern baldness may indicate arterial stiffness in transgender men on long-term testosterone therapy.
71 citations
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August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
36 citations
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May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
September 2021 in “Conference Proceedings” Older men with high total testosterone might not show symptoms, while younger men with hyperandrogenism may experience hair loss or acne.
6 citations
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September 2024 in “Discover Psychology” Men use cosmetic surgery to feel and look better, often influenced by traditional masculinity ideals.
7 citations
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April 2011 in “American journal of obstetrics and gynecology” A woman's virilization symptoms were caused by her partner's use of testosterone cream, which resolved after they separated.
37 citations
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June 2011 in “Journal of Cellular Biochemistry” Androgen is important in controlling stem cell differentiation, reducing fat development, and increasing lean mass.
December 2025 in “Biology” Male and female mice handle stress differently.
November 2017 in “JAMA internal medicine” Women also use 5α-reductase inhibitors for hair loss and hirsutism.
January 2018 in “Springer eBooks” Gender affects hair and scalp characteristics, with differences in hormone responses, graying patterns, and trace metals.
4 citations
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November 2017 in “Hair transplant forum international” Hair transplants are effective for some women and many male-to-female transgender patients if done carefully by an experienced team.
4 citations
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March 2022 in “Transgender Health” Psoriasis rates in transgender people are similar to the general population, but hormone therapy might affect it.
Bicalutamide does not significantly affect liver enzymes and is a safe anti-androgen option for transfeminine individuals.
37 citations
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May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
1 citations
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January 1995 in “Hair transplant forum international” 32 citations
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November 2020 in “UNC Libraries” A point mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity.
105 citations
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June 2010 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone undecanoate increases lean mass and causes various physical changes in female-to-male transsexuals.
67 citations
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April 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A subtle androgen receptor abnormality can allow normal male development and sometimes fertility despite partial androgen resistance.
September 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Hair loss in males and females is influenced by immune cell interactions, with potential treatments identified.
October 2024 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Male and female pattern hair loss have different molecular pathways, suggesting unique treatment targets for each sex.