10 citations
,
December 2019 in “in Vivo” Testosterone makes the connections in the uterus lining simpler and lowers certain protein levels, which might lead to infertility.
February 2025 in “Cureus” Non-compliance with PCOS medication worsens symptoms and highlights the need for better patient support and education.
204 citations
,
May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
15 citations
,
June 1986 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Androgens increase pigmentation in young hamsters, but estrogens can reverse this effect.
May 2022 in “Endocrine Abstracts” Cyproterone acetate therapy improved hair loss and reduced testosterone levels in a menopausal woman.
6 citations
,
October 2024 in “Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders” Low prolactin levels in PCOS can cause metabolic problems like insulin resistance and obesity.
May 2026 in “Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Cases” Leydig cell tumors can cause hormone issues in postmenopausal women even if imaging looks normal.
282 citations
,
October 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.
169 citations
,
August 2004 in “Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology/Baillière's best practice and research in clinical obstetrics and gynaecology” Lower doses of treatments for hirsutism and acne in PCOS are effective and cause fewer side effects.
1 citations
,
January 2004 in “Linchuang pifuke zazhi” Low-dose finasteride can cause painful breast enlargement in men, which resolves after stopping the medication.
8 citations
,
March 2008 in “Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift/Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift” Adding estrogen increased bone mass in a transsexual man undergoing hormone therapy.
20 citations
,
December 1994 in “Fertility and sterility” Flutamide combined with a low-dose birth control pill effectively reduces excessive hair growth in women with polycystic ovarian disease.
October 2022 in “Miscellaneous” A rare, non-cancerous ovarian tumor was successfully treated with surgery, improving the patient's symptoms.
Benign ovarian tumors can cause excess male hormones and related conditions in postmenopausal women.
35 citations
,
April 2012 in “Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology” Finasteride reduces gambling symptoms in Parkinson's patients.
66 citations
,
August 1999 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Women with acromegaly often have irregular periods due to hormone imbalances and growth hormone effects.
October 2010 in “Reproductive Biomedicine Online” Women with pituitary adenomas often have reproductive issues, like irregular periods and trouble getting pregnant, but not always breast milk production without pregnancy.
January 2015 in “Chinese Journal of New Clinical Medicine” Metformin combined with dyne-35 increases ovulation and pregnancy rates in PCOS patients.
7 citations
,
August 2023 in “EClinicalMedicine” Anti-androgens can help manage some PCOS symptoms better than metformin but are not more effective than placebos or birth control pills for other symptoms.
88 citations
,
September 2003 in “Clinical endocrinology” Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.
April 2026 in “The Journal of Urology” Finasteride 1 mg/day reduces semen quality without affecting hormones or sexual function.
15 citations
,
June 1995 in “The American Journal of the Medical Sciences” Finasteride caused enlarged breast tissue in a 62-year-old man.
3 citations
,
June 2025 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” Targeting glycolysis may help treat PCOS by improving insulin sensitivity and ovarian function.
November 2018 in “Endocrine Abstracts” A woman's high testosterone levels were caused by a rare ovarian tumor, not the initially diagnosed condition.
2 citations
,
May 2017 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Topical minoxidil 5% can cause erectile dysfunction and decreased libido.
November 2017 in “JAMA internal medicine” Women also use 5α-reductase inhibitors for hair loss and hirsutism.
2 citations
,
September 2007 in “International Journal of Impotence Research” Local testosterone treatment improved sexual desire in a female with fragile X syndrome.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A rare ovarian tumor that produced testosterone caused a blood clot in the lungs and increased red blood cells in a woman.
1 citations
,
June 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Avoid alcohol when taking low-dose minoxidil to prevent severe hangovers.
60 citations
,
February 2010 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Metformin combined with lifestyle changes improves insulin resistance and reduces testosterone levels in women with PCOS more than lifestyle changes alone.