January 2003 in “Zhonghua shiyan waike zazhi” Androgen, especially DHT, is crucial for erectile function in rats by affecting specific brain neurons.
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June 2023 in “Reproduction” Microglia, the brain's immune cells, may contribute to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by altering the female brain's structure and function, with kisspeptin neurons and GABA neurotransmitters also playing a role.
January 2021 in “Deep Blue (University of Michigan)” Androgen receptors in the brain affect metabolism and reproduction differently in males and females, and may help manage PCOS symptoms in females.
293 citations
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November 2005 in “Trends in Immunology” Stress can worsen skin conditions and stop hair growth by affecting the body's stress response system.
127 citations
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December 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology” Stress can stop hair growth in mice, and treatments can reverse this effect.
110 citations
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January 1984 in “Progress in brain research” Gonadal hormones may influence sex differences in play fighting in animals, but their effect on human spatial behavior is unclear and needs more research.
March 2008 in “The FASEB Journal” Neurosteroid withdrawal increases α4 subunit expression in the hippocampus, which may relate to catamenial epilepsy in women.
September 2004 in “Experimental Dermatology” Stress and certain chemicals affect hair growth by interacting with the immune and nervous systems.
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January 2011 in “Neuropharmacology” Isolation stress in rats reduces brain enzyme levels, affecting dopamine function.
September 2002 in “Epiliepsy currents/Epilepsy currents” Stress increases neurosteroids that help prevent seizures.
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January 2019 in “Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology” Postpartum depression is linked to changes in brain chemicals, inflammation, stress, and certain genes, and can potentially be identified by markers like specific steroids, serotonin levels, and vitamin D levels.
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September 2010 in “Immunology Endocrine & Metabolic Agents - Medicinal Chemistry” Sex hormones influence immune responses and may help treat diseases.
June 2024 in “European neuropsychopharmacology”
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September 2018 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” Finasteride treatment in male rats causes long-lasting effects on depression-like behavior, brain cell growth, inflammation, and gut bacteria composition.
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January 2024 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Androgens can affect glucocorticoid signaling in specific mouse brain areas.
October 2024 in “Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)” Electrical stimulation with a low-calorie diet reduces appetite, weight, and blood pressure in obese people with sleep apnea.
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June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy” Early hormones shape sex-specific differences in rat glands.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
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February 2003 in “Annals of Neurology” Neuroimaging suggests that treatments targeting brain steroids could help control epilepsy, especially types linked to the menstrual cycle.
January 2008 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” Finasteride may cause sexual and psychological side effects by affecting an enzyme related to epinephrine.
November 2025 in “European Journal of Endocrinology” Hair steroid profiling is a feasible, non-invasive alternative to serum analysis for assessing hormone levels and metabolism.
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April 2006 in “Brain Research” 5α-reduced neurosteroids may help regulate glial cell differentiation.
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January 2022 in “Journal of neuroendocrinology” Sex hormones affect brain cells differently in males and females.
28 citations
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November 2017 in “Molecular and cellular endocrinology” Testosterone and its byproducts help support male sexual behavior through different pathways in the brain and body.
June 2026 in “Scientific Reports” Nestin-expressing hair follicle cells may be useful for nerve repair and regeneration.
24 citations
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December 2012 in “Behavioural Brain Research” Changing Allopregnanolone levels in newborns affects adult behavior and anxiety.
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February 2019 in “Neuroscience letters” Hormones during puberty increase certain receptors in the brain, and this change is influenced by estrogen levels.