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GlossaryEstrogen Receptors

proteins that bind estrogen, influencing cell behavior and function

Estrogen receptors (ER) are proteins found inside and on the surface of certain cells that bind to the hormone estrogen. When estrogen binds to these receptors, it can influence the behavior of the cell, including growth, differentiation, and function. These receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including reproductive health, bone density, and even hair growth. In medical research, ERs are significant in understanding conditions like breast cancer, where the presence of these receptors can influence treatment options.

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The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor Beta Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

research The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor β Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor α and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

130 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Estrogen Receptor ß (ERß) is the main hormone controller in human skin and hair follicles, not Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) or the Androgen Receptor (AR).

Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women

research Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor β Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women1

93 citations , June 2001 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

Certain genetic variations in the AR and ERβ genes can affect androgen levels in women.

research Oestrogen receptor evaluation in Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X) on melatonin supplementation

20 citations , July 2006 in “Veterinary dermatology”

Melatonin helped some Pomeranian dogs regrow hair, but it wasn't linked to estrogen receptors.

Combined Oral Contraceptives Promote Androgen Receptor And Estrogen Receptor Alpha Upregulation In The Female Prostate (Skene’s Paraurethral Glands) Of Adult Gerbils (Meriones Unguiculatus)

research Combined oral contraceptives promote androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor alpha upregulation in the female prostate (Skene’s paraurethral glands) of adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

3 citations , January 2018 in “Reproduction, Fertility and Development”

Birth control pills increase certain receptor activities in female gerbil prostate glands and can lead to prostate changes.

research Organizational Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Expression in Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Adult Male and Female Rats

1 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy”

Early hormones shape sex-specific differences in rat glands.

research The Modulation of Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells by Dexamethasone: A Novel Mechanism for Selective Action of Estrogen via Estrogen Receptor Beta?

65 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Dexamethasone may influence hair growth by altering estrogen receptor activity in hair cells.

research Polymorphisms in androgen and estrogen receptor genes: effects on male aging

12 citations , October 2004 in “Experimental Gerontology”

Changes in testosterone and estrogen receptor genes can affect how men age, influencing body fat, hair patterns, and possibly leading to skin disorders.

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric, and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor

research Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor

9 citations , January 2016 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

The study concluded that both estrogen and androgen receptors, which decrease with age, are linked to skin aging and may be hormonally regulated.

The Estrogen Receptor 2 (ESR2) Gene in Female-Pattern Hair Loss: Replication of Association with rs10137185 in German Patients

research The oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene in female-pattern hair loss: replication of association with rs10137185 in German patients

4 citations , December 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

ESR2 gene linked to female-pattern hair loss.

research Reproduction of the human relevant potency threshold (HRPT) for estrogen receptor alpha agonism in an inference performance screen for ICCVAM’s regulatory scientific confidence framework

October 2025 in “Frontiers in Toxicology”

A new method effectively predicts estrogen-related health effects for early screening.

Early Androgen Activity After Birth Determines the Hypothalamic Expression of Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Adulthood in Female but Not in Male Rats

research Early androgen activity after birth determines the hypothalamic expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in adulthood in female but not in male rats

July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology”

Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.

Complex Extract of Polygonatum Sibiricum and Nelumbinis Semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

research Complex Extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

May 2023 in “Nutrients”

A mix of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen may ease menopause symptoms with fewer side effects.

research Patient-Reported Outcomes From Phase III Neoadjuvant Systemic Trial Comparing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Pre-Menopausal Patients With Estrogen Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative, Lymph Node-Positive Breast Cancer

1 citations , July 2021 in “Frontiers in Oncology”

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy led to a better future outlook than chemotherapy, with no major quality of life differences.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogen Differentially Regulate Prolactin and Prolactin Receptor Expression in Female Human Skin and Hair Follicles In Vitro

research Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen differentially regulate prolactin and prolactin receptor expression in female human skin and hair follicles in vitro

37 citations , March 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Oestrogen and thyrotropin-releasing hormone affect prolactin and its receptor in human skin and hair, suggesting new treatment options for related conditions.

research Role of estrogen receptor signaling in the control of the hair follicle cycle

January 2004

Estrogen and its receptors play a key role in hair growth, with differences between males and females.

research An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition and influences epidermal cell proliferation.

154 citations , October 1996 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

Estrogen affects hair growth and skin cell multiplication.

research Hair Cycle Control by Estrogens: Catagen Induction via Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α Is Checked by ERβ Signaling

92 citations , February 2005 in “Endocrinology”

Estrogen receptors affect hair growth, with ER beta slowing down the hair cycle changes caused by ER alpha.

Expression Patterns of Three Estrogen Receptor Genes During Zebrafish Development: Evidence for High Expression in Neuromasts

research Expression patterns of three estrogen receptor genes during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development: evidence for high expression in neuromasts

77 citations , April 2004 in “Gene expression patterns”

The three estrogen receptor genes are highly expressed in zebrafish neuromasts during development.

research Estrogen Receptor α, but not Estrogen Receptor β, is Involved in the Regulation of the Hair Follicle Cycling as well as the Thickness of Epidermis in Male Mice

72 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Estrogen receptor α controls hair growth cycles and skin thickness in male mice.

research Expression of estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in recent striae distensae

67 citations , December 2009 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Hormonal changes in skin may cause stretch marks.

research 17β-Estradiol Inhibits Wound Healing in Male Mice via Estrogen Receptor-α

38 citations , May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

17β-Estradiol slows wound healing in male mice through estrogen receptor-α.

research Testosterone protects female embryonic heart H9c2 cells against severe metabolic stress by activating estrogen receptors and up-regulating IES SUR2B

24 citations , October 2012 in “The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology”

Testosterone protects female heart cells from stress by activating estrogen receptors.

research Polyamine Oxidase Expression Is Downregulated by 17β-Estradiol via Estrogen Receptor 2 in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

8 citations , July 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

17β-estradiol lowers polyamine oxidase levels in breast cancer cells through estrogen receptor 2.

research Failure of Topical Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists to Alter Murine Hair Follicle Cycling

8 citations , January 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Topical estrogen treatments did not change hair growth in certain mouse strains, questioning previous findings on their role in hair growth control.

The Expressions of Androgen Receptors and Estrogen Receptors in Bald and Non-Bald Areas of Androgenic Alopecia

research The Expressions of Androgen Receptors and Estrogen Receptors in Bald and Non-bald Area of Androgenic Alopecia

1 citations , January 2002 in “Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

Hair loss in androgenic alopecia may be linked to increased local androgen activities, but not to estrogen levels.

research Ferulic acid promotes hair growth via estrogen receptor alpha activation in cultured human dermal papilla cells

March 2026 in “Scientific Reports”

Ferulic acid may help hair grow by activating certain receptors in cells.

Estrogen Receptors in Black and White Hairs

research ESTROGEN RECEPTORS OF HAIRS BLACKS AND WHITES

December 2014 in “Bali Medical Journal”

Females have higher estrogen receptor levels in hair than males, and these levels decrease in white hair compared to black hair.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Endometrium and Peritoneal Endometriosis: A New Quantitative Method

research Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrium and peritoneal endometriosis: A new quantitative method

June 1995 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics”

The new method showed that endometriotic tissue has lower estrogen receptor levels but similar progesterone levels compared to normal endometrium, with both following a similar cycle.

research The Effect of Perinatal Blockade of Androgen Receptors on the Expression of Hypothalamic Estrogen Receptor‐a and Sexual Motivation in Male Rats

April 2016 in “The FASEB Journal”

Blocking androgen receptors early in life increases estrogen levels and reduces sexual motivation in male rats.

research 17β-Estradiol and ICI-182780 regulate the hair follicle cycle in mice through an estrogen receptor-α pathway

71 citations , February 2000 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism”

Estradiol stops hair growth in mice, but an antagonist can reverse this effect.