37 citations
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May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
October 2022 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” GnRH-a or orchiectomy is more effective than anti-androgens for managing hormone levels in transgender women.
18 citations
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March 2010 in “Gynecologic and obstetric investigation” The oral contraceptive alone is the preferred treatment for hirsutism, as adding the GnRH analog showed no significant benefit.
16 citations
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August 2014 in “International Journal of Women's Health” The estradiol valerate/dienogest oral contraceptive helps with heavy periods, may improve acne and symptoms in PCOS, and doesn't affect sexual function.
20 citations
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July 1990 in “Clinical and experimental dermatology” Taking cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol for hair loss can lower vitamin B12 levels in women.
83 citations
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April 1992 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Having enough iron improves the effectiveness of a specific hair loss treatment in women.
4 citations
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December 1994 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate with estradiol improved women's self-confidence and emotional well-being without a difference between oral or transdermal methods, but younger women preferred the oral method.
1 citations
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November 2011 in “Open access journal of contraception” Birth control pills with low-dose estrogen and antiandrogenic progestins can effectively treat acne.
62 citations
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December 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Combining a GnRH agonist with a low-dose oral contraceptive is more effective and safer for treating hirsutism than using either alone.
20 citations
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November 2015 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” Both contraceptive pill doses effectively reduced androgen levels in women with PCOS.
1 citations
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March 2021 in “medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Many males in Jordan misuse oral contraceptive pills for hair growth, muscle gain, and acne treatment.
November 2011 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Oral contraceptives can help manage acne by reducing androgen levels.
March 2023 in “Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine” Oral and topical finasteride are effective and safe for treating female hair loss.
64 citations
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January 1985 in “Clinical endocrinology” A combination of desogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol effectively reduces hair growth in hirsute women.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Transgender females can reach their target estrogen levels using estradiol patches, especially if oral treatments fail or if they're at risk for blood clots. Often, the highest dose patch is needed.
20 citations
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December 1994 in “Fertility and sterility” Flutamide combined with a low-dose birth control pill effectively reduces excessive hair growth in women with polycystic ovarian disease.
14 citations
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June 2015 in “Toxicology and Industrial Health” Low doses of BPA can increase prostate growth and change hormone levels in adult rats.
13 citations
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March 2014 in “Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology” Oral isotretinoin for severe acne can change hormone levels but does not significantly affect ovarian function.
11 citations
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April 2017 in “The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care” Cyproterone acetate with ethinyl estradiol is effective for treating skin symptoms related to high androgen levels, like in PCOS.
7 citations
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May 2012 in “International Journal of Andrology” The new oral testosterone pill normalized testosterone levels and lowered SHBG in men with low testosterone.
COCs often cause nausea, vomiting, and hair loss, while Depo-Provera is linked to weight gain.
1 citations
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July 2024 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Oral dutasteride is effective and safe for treating frontal fibrosing alopecia.
The oral testosterone effectively increased testosterone levels and reduced SHBG, showing promise for treating testosterone deficiency.
September 2025 in “Toxicology” Long-term use of finasteride and minoxidil may harm male reproductive health in mice.
May 2025 in “Veterinary Medicine and Science” Melatonin improved reproductive function in male Pomeranian dogs with Alopecia X, but more research is needed.
23 citations
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January 2016 in “Transgender health” Hormone therapy with estradiol and spironolactone can regrow scalp hair in transgender women by lowering testosterone to female levels.
19 citations
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December 2021 in “Endocrine Reviews” There are various effective hormone treatments for puberty induction in boys and girls with hypogonadism, and starting treatment early is important.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
117 citations
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May 2017 in “Human Reproduction Update” The update highlights that non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is common in women with excess male hormones, requires specific hormone tests for diagnosis, and has various treatment options depending on age and symptoms.
108 citations
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March 2006 in “Archives of Dermatology” Finasteride with oral contraceptive helps improve hair loss in premenopausal women.