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GlossaryPhosphodiesterase

enzyme that breaks down cyclic nucleotides in cells

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling by breaking down cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP, which are molecules that transmit signals inside cells. By regulating the levels of these cyclic nucleotides, PDEs help control various physiological processes, including heart rate, inflammation, and even hair growth.

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Systematic Review of Newer Agents for the Management of Alopecia Areata in Adults: Janus Kinase Inhibitors, Biologics and Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors

research Systematic review of newer agents for the management of alopecia areata in adults: Janus kinase inhibitors, biologics and phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors

12 citations , December 2022 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

New oral treatments for adult hair loss show promise, especially JAK inhibitors, with mild side effects.

research Efficacy of the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, apremilast, in a patient with severe alopecia areata

10 citations , August 2019 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

The document did not conclude on apremilast's effectiveness for severe alopecia areata.

The Effect of Cilostazol, a Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) Inhibitor, on Human Hair Growth with Dual Promoting Mechanisms

research The effect of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor, on human hair growth with the dual promoting mechanisms

21 citations , April 2018 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Cilostazol helps hair grow by making hair root cells grow faster and changing growth factor levels.

research Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and prostaglandin analogues in dermatology: A comprehensive review

9 citations , December 2020 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Certain drugs are effective for skin conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, and hair loss.

research The use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of alopecia

3 citations , April 2019 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment”

Caffeine shows promise for treating some types of hair loss, but more research is needed.

research Comment on ‘Androgenetic alopecia is associated with increased scalp hardness’: role of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

1 citations , April 2020 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Drugs like PDEI may help hair disorders like AGA.

research The effects of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor on hair follicle cell viability and hair growth

1 citations , January 2020 in “Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)”

PDE3 inhibitor may help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth.

research 570 Targeting phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) to boost adipogenesis and hair regeneration

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Inhibiting PDE8A may help treat hair loss by boosting fat cell growth and hair regeneration.

research PD59-09 PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS COULD REVERSE THE PROLIFERATION OF BPH EPITHELIAL CELLS INDUCED BY CD8+ T CELLS IN LOW ANDROGEN CONDITION

April 2018 in “The Journal of Urology”

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like tadalafil can reduce cell growth in BPH caused by CD8+ T cells in low androgen conditions.

research Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Conditions

January 2018 in “Springer eBooks”

PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.

research Phosphodiesterase inhibitors used in androgenic alopecia as a possible risk factor for testicular tumor

April 2023 in “Medicina Clínica (english Edition)”

White Lupin Cluster Root Acclimation to Phosphorus Deficiency and Root Hair Development Involve Unique Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterases

research White Lupin Cluster Root Acclimation to Phosphorus Deficiency and Root Hair Development Involve Unique Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterases

80 citations , April 2011 in “Plant physiology”

White lupin uses specific genes to grow root hairs and access phosphorus when it's scarce.

research Insights learned from L457(3.43)R, an activating mutant of the human lutropin receptor

17 citations , October 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

The L457(3.43)R mutation in the human lutropin receptor causes increased activity and hormone insensitivity, leading to precocious puberty.

Alopecia Areata: Treatment Options and Efficacy

research Alopecia areata

182 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Some treatments can help with a hair loss condition called alopecia areata, but none ensure lasting results; choices depend on the person, with JAK inhibitors showing promise for severe cases.

research Lack of efficacy of apremilast in 9 patients with severe alopecia areata

23 citations , September 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Apremilast did not work for treating severe alopecia areata.

research Monovalent antibody-conjugated lipid-polymer nanohybrids for active targeting to desmoglein 3 of keratinocytes to attenuate psoriasiform inflammation

18 citations , January 2021 in “Theranostics”

The targeted nanohybrids effectively reduced psoriasis symptoms and improved skin health.

$Apremilast Is Efficacious in Refractory Alopecia Areata$

research Apremilast is efficacious in refractory alopecia areata

9 citations , May 2019 in “Journal of dermatological treatment”

Apremilast helps regrow hair in hard-to-treat alopecia areata.

research Drug repurposing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for neutrophilic acute respiratory distress syndrome and psoriasis

8 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Advanced Research”

CDK inhibitors may help treat ARDS and psoriasis but need more testing for safety and effectiveness.

research Alopecia areata: from pathophysiology to therapeutic innovation

1 citations , April 2023 in “Portuguese Journal of Dermatology and Venereology”

JAK inhibitors are effective treatments for alopecia areata.

research Non-FDA-Approved Uses of Apremilast in Dermatology: A Review of Current Available literature

1 citations , September 2022 in “Nepal journal of dermatology, venereology & leprology”

Apremilast shows promise for several skin conditions but needs more research.

Drug Treatments and New Approaches in Alopecia Treatment

research Alopesi Tedavisinde Kullanılan İlaç Tedavileri ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar

November 2025

Alopesi tedavisinde ilaçlar saç büyümesini teşvik eder ve yeni yaklaşımlar umut vaat eder.

Targeting Anti-Inflammatory Immunonanocarriers to Human and Murine Neutrophils via Ly6 Antigen for Psoriasiform Dermatitis Alleviation

research 1113 Targeting anti-inflammatory immunonanocarriers to human and murine neutrophils via Ly6 antigen for psoriasiform dermatitis alleviation

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study created special nanoparticles that effectively deliver an anti-inflammatory drug to treat skin inflammation in psoriasis.

research 22-Year-Old Male with Several Discrete Patches of Hair Loss

January 2022 in “Clinical Cases in Dermatology”

A 22-year-old man has alopecia areata, an autoimmune hair loss condition, with various treatments available.

research Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late‐onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations

280 citations , May 2005 in “Andrology”

Testosterone treatment for older men can have short-term benefits, but long-term risks are unclear, requiring careful evaluation and monitoring.

research Caffeine’s Mechanisms of Action and Its Cosmetic Use

153 citations , October 2012 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

Caffeine in cosmetics may reduce cellulite, protect skin, and stimulate hair growth, but more research is needed on its use and effects.

research Adverse effects of common medications on male fertility

77 citations , June 2015 in “Nature Reviews Urology”

Some common medications can harm male fertility, but many effects can be reversed.

research INTERACTION OF α-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE, MELATONIN, CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP IN THE CONTROL OF MELANOGENESIS IN HAIR FOLLICLE MELANOCYTES IN VITRO

53 citations , July 1981 in “Journal of Endocrinology”

α-MSH and cyclic AMP boost melanin production, while cyclic GMP and melatonin reduce it.

Efficacy and Side Effects of Drugs Commonly Used for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

research Efficacy and Side Effects of Drugs Commonly Used for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

35 citations , May 2020 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Different drugs for prostate-related urinary symptoms work but have various side effects, and treatment should be tailored to the individual.

research Risks and side effects in the medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia

26 citations , December 2023 in “Prostate International”

Medications for BPH can have significant side effects, so understanding these risks is important for treatment decisions.

research Cytokine Targeted Therapeutics for Alopecia Areata: Lessons from Atopic Dermatitis and Other Inflammatory Skin Diseases

25 citations , December 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

Targeted cytokine treatments may help with alopecia areata, but more research is needed.