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Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy effectively treats psoriasiform skin lesions in IBD patients.

The document concludes that the fast-growing direct-to-consumer genetic testing market lacks sufficient regulation, posing risks to consumers due to questionable test quality and accuracy.

Blocking the enzyme 5α-reductase can shrink the prostate and help treat enlarged prostate issues.

Hair loss in women is genetic, diagnosed by examination and biopsy, and treated with minoxidil, finasteride, or transplantation.

The Rotterdam Study aims to understand various diseases in older adults.

The document concludes that the 5 alpha-reductase enzymes are important in steroid metabolism and related to various human diseases, with inhibitors used to treat conditions like male pattern baldness and prostate issues.

Women with PCOS are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, especially if they are Asian or obese.

Alopecia areata involves immune activation in the scalp, suggesting treatments targeting TH1, TH2, and IL-23 pathways.

Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.