19 citations
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March 2004 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Testosterone and letrozole treatment speeds up puberty in boys with delayed development.
Increased free testosterone can lead to stronger bones and less body fat but also higher risks of prostate cancer, hair loss, spine issues, and high blood pressure.
August 2011 in “Reproductive Toxicology” April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 12-year-old boy with PAIS successfully developed male characteristics using high-dose testosterone and anastrozole.
21 citations
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January 2020 in “General and Comparative Endocrinology” Lack or blocking of SRD5a, a key component in hormone creation, can lead to conditions like pseudohermaphrodism and affect hair growth, bone mass, muscle strength, and reproductive health. More research is needed on its regulation from fertilization to adulthood.
2 citations
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December 2001 in “PubMed” 54 citations
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November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
February 2025 in “Pediatric Dermatology”
September 2018 in “Fertility and Sterility” African American women have a higher risk of preterm delivery than Caucasian women, and inflammatory stimuli affect gene expression in cells related to PCOS, showing a heightened inflammatory state in women with PCOS.
21 citations
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February 2003 in “Hormones and Behavior” Androgens boost certain nest-building behaviors and greatly reduce food intake in rabbits.
104 citations
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June 2020 in “Journal of Endocrinology” Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in PCOS-like rats can lead to pregnancy complications due to increased cell death in the uterus and placenta.
55 citations
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August 2008 in “Reviews in endocrine and metabolic disorders” Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia is a genetic condition that can cause early puberty and fertility problems, treated with specific steroids.
July 2023 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Anabolic-androgenic steroids harm male hormone levels, sperm, metabolism, and can cause acne, hair loss, and breast growth.
25 citations
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January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, affecting sexual development.
December 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Chromosomal differences affect how muscle cells respond to testosterone.
20 citations
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August 2020 in “Scientific Reports” Low-dose bisphenol A increases prostate size in rats by affecting certain enzymes.
4 citations
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November 2022 in “Frontiers in endocrinology” The enzyme 5α-reductase type 1 is important for blood vessel development and fertility in the uterus.
7 citations
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May 2017 in “Behavioural brain research” Changing neuroactive steroid levels early in life can affect how adult rats respond to alcohol's stimulating effects.
April 2012 in “The Journal of Urology” Early baldness increases prostate cancer risk, radiotherapy and surgery have similar second cancer rates, and ALA may reduce prostate cancer risk.
19 citations
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June 2021 in “The world journal of men's health” Using anabolic-androgenic steroids can harm men's reproductive health and increase the risk of heart problems and death.
3 citations
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December 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Male hormones and their interactions are crucial for male sexual development and characteristics.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 13-year-old girl's masculine symptoms improved after surgery for a rare adrenal tumor that produced male hormones.
18 citations
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October 2018 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Some skin medications can harm male fertility, but they don't seem to cause birth defects from father's exposure.
26 citations
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January 1982 in “Hormone Research” Normal androgen levels need ACTH, and different mechanisms control adrenarche and gonadarche.
60 citations
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December 1988 in “Journal of Biochemical Toxicology” TCDD reduces EGF receptors in the liver, affecting growth and development.
41 citations
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March 2016 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” In STSD patients, the body compensates for low androgen levels by increasing another enzyme's activity.
1 citations
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October 2024 in “JCEM Case Reports” 5α-reductase deficiency can cause ambiguous genitalia and gender dysphoria, treatable with testosterone.
January 2026 in “Elsevier eBooks” 4 citations
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March 2019 in “JAT. Journal of applied toxicology/Journal of applied toxicology” PFOS exposure disrupts hormone levels and enzyme activities in juvenile frogs, affecting males and females differently.
January 2004 in “Anticancer Research” Long-term antiandrogen use may increase aggressive prostate cancer risk.