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GlossaryProtein Kinase C

enzymes that regulate various cellular functions by phosphorylating proteins

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These enzymes are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of calcium ions or diacylglycerol (DAG), and they function by phosphorylating various target proteins, thereby altering their activity. PKC is significant in many physiological and pathological processes, making it a key focus in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

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research Overexpression of protein kinase C-α in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in striking alterations in phorbol ester-induced inflammation and COX-2, MIP-2 and TNF-α expression but not tumor promotion

135 citations , October 1999 in “Journal of Cell Science”

Overexpressing PKCα in mice skin increases inflammation but doesn't affect tumor growth.

research Transgenic mice overexpressing protein kinase C epsilon in their epidermis exhibit reduced papilloma burden but enhanced carcinoma formation after tumor promotion.

99 citations , February 2000 in “PubMed”

Overexpressing PKCepsilon in mice reduces papillomas but increases carcinomas.

research Protein Kinase C as a Therapeutic Target

87 citations , September 2006 in “Clinical Cancer Research”

Protein Kinase C shows promise for cancer treatment, but more research is needed to develop effective inhibitors.

research Protein kinase Cepsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice.

79 citations , October 2003 in “PubMed”

Overexpression of PKCepsilon leads to increased TNFalpha, promoting metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in mice.

research Protein Kinase Cε, which Sensitizes Skin to Sun's UV Radiation–Induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Associates with Stat3

76 citations , February 2007 in “Cancer Research”

Protein Kinase Cε increases skin sensitivity to UV damage and skin cancer risk.

research Activation of Cutaneous Protein Kinase Cα Induces Keratinocyte Apoptosis and Intraepidermal Inflammation by Independent Signaling Pathways

74 citations , September 2003 in “The Journal of Immunology”

Activating PKCα in skin causes cell death and inflammation through different pathways.

research Topical Application of a Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Reduces Skin and Hair Pigmentation

60 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Applying a specific inhibitor lightens skin and hair color.

research Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression Leads to Translocation and Activation of Protein Kinase CK2 in Vivo

52 citations , May 1997 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

High ornithine decarboxylase levels may lead to hair loss and cancer by increasing CK2 activity in the nucleus.

research Protein Kinase C δ Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Chemically but not to UV Radiation–Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Possible Link to Specific Cytokines and Cyclooxygenase-2

35 citations , January 2006 in “Cancer Research”

Mice with extra PKCδ resist chemical-induced skin cancer but not UV-induced.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light-induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism¶

28 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

Protein kinase C epsilon may increase skin cancer risk by affecting nearby cells.

research Foxn1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation by regulating the activity of protein kinase C

26 citations , May 2007 in “Differentiation”

Foxn1 helps skin cells mature by controlling a specific protein's activity.

research Inhibition of the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase C epsilon transgenic mice by alpha-difluoromethylornithine accompanied by marked hair follicle degeneration and hair loss.

26 citations , June 2003 in “PubMed”

Alpha-difluoromethylornithine prevents cancer in mice but causes hair loss.

research Induction of hair growth by skin irritants and its relation to skin protein kinase C isoforms

10 citations , April 1999 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Skin irritants can promote hair growth by affecting specific skin proteins.

Protein Kinase C Epsilon, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

research Protein Kinase Cε, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

10 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of skin cancer”

PKC ε increases hair follicle stem cell turnover and may raise skin cancer risk.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Rapamycin may help treat Leigh syndrome by targeting protein kinase C.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light‐induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism^¶

3 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

Protein kinase C epsilon may promote skin cancer development after UV exposure by affecting nearby cells.

research Protein Kinase C Downregulation upon Rapamycin Treatment Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Disease

December 2020 in “Innovation in aging”

Rapamycin treatment helps reduce brain inflammation and symptoms of mitochondrial disease by blocking specific pathways in mice.

research The biphasic regulatory effect of diphencyprone on mouse hair growth and its relation to protein kinase C isoforms

March 1998 in “Journal of dermatological science”

Diphencyprone initially increases mouse hair growth, then slows it, possibly due to changes in specific protein levels.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

Changing protein kinase levels in pituitary cells affects calcium flow and beta-endorphin release.

research 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin causes an increase in protein kinases growth hepatic associated with epidermal factor receptor in the plasma membrane

60 citations , December 1988 in “Journal of Biochemical Toxicology”

TCDD reduces EGF receptors in the liver, affecting growth and development.

research Atypical Protein Kinase C Isoform, aPKCλ, Is Essential for Maintaining Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence

24 citations , June 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

aPKCλ is crucial for keeping hair follicle stem cells inactive and maintaining normal hair growth.

The G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

research The G-Protein Couple Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

April 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

GRK2 is essential for healthy hair follicle function, and its absence can lead to hair loss and cysts.

Phosphatidic Acid Has Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

research Phosphatidic Acid Has a Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

46 citations , August 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Phosphatidic acid may help hair grow by affecting cell growth pathways.

research Establishment of an Efficient Primary Culture System for Human Hair Follicle Stem Cells Using the Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Y-27632

16 citations , March 2021 in “Frontiers in cell and developmental biology”

A new method using Y-27632 improves the growth and quality of human hair follicle stem cells for tissue engineering and therapy.

Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

research Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

3 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Vitexin Compound 1 may help reduce skin aging caused by UVA light.

research Mathematical Modeling and Inference of Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cell Signaling Pathways

3 citations , September 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Mathematical modeling helps understand and predict the MAPK cell signaling pathway.

Salicylate Induces Epithelial Actin Reorganization via Activation of the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Promotes Wound Healing and Contraction in Mice

research Salicylate induces epithelial actin reorganization via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase and promotes wound healing and contraction in mice

8 citations , July 2024 in “Scientific Reports”

Salicylate helps wounds heal without scarring in mice.

Melatonin Regulates the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway via the CircMPP5-miR-211-MAPK3 Axis to Induce Secondary Hair Follicle Differentiation and Development in Newborn Cashmere Goat Kids

research Melatonin regulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway via the circMPP5-miR-211-MAPK3 axis to induce secondary hair follicle differentiation and development in newborn Cashmere goat kids

1 citations , October 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Melatonin helps improve Cashmere goat hair quality by promoting hair follicle growth through a specific cell signaling pathway.

research A Ca ²⁺ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for symbiotic nodule development: Gene identification by transcript-based cloning

477 citations , March 2004 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

The DMI3 gene is essential for nodule development and symbiosis in certain plants.

research 085 Coordinate expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and high sulfur protein in human hair follicles

June 1996 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”