9 citations
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January 2003 The evolution of mammal body hair remains a mystery.
73 citations
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January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
December 2024 in “Genome Biology and Evolution” Snakes and worm lizards lost claw proteins due to similar evolutionary changes.
Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
Retinoic acid can change skin development, like turning scales into feathers or forming glands.
5 citations
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January 1993 in “PubMed” Retinoic acid can change skin structures in vertebrates, like turning scales into feathers or hair buds into glands.
17 citations
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May 1969 in “American Journal of Physical Anthropology” The silver marmoset's skin is thin, lacks pigment cells, and has unique features like keratinized spines and specialized glands.
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July 2019 in “Folia Morphologica” Brandt's hedgehog has thick skin on its back and many glands near its nostrils.
January 2006 in “Elsevier eBooks” Most vertebrates can regenerate skin, nails, and corneas, but only some can regenerate teeth and lenses.
December 2025 in “The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology” Red Sokoto goat fetuses develop firmer, pigmented skin with hair follicles as they grow.
8 citations
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February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” The southern elephant seal's skin layer helps waterproof the skin by being tightly connected to hair shafts.
10 citations
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April 2017 in “PLoS ONE” White rhinoceroses have a unique skin structure with thick epidermis and no hair or oil glands.
21 citations
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June 2003 in “Journal of Morphology” Monotreme and marsupial skin proteins show primitive features and species-specific differences compared to placental mammals.
19 citations
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March 2013 in “Biology Letters” Early tetrapod keratins evolved into toe pad proteins in amphibians and hair proteins in mammals.
20 citations
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December 2010 in “Journal of Morphology” Lizard claws have hair-like keratins similar to those in mammals.
1 citations
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February 2025 in “Journal of Anatomy” Gray short-tailed opossums' skin shifts from helping with breathing to regulating body temperature as they grow.
October 2024 in “International Journal of Comprehensive Veterinary Research.” Neonate rabbits have consistent skin layers and no sweat glands.
August 1993 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” January 1996 in “TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES” Brown bear skin has two main layers, with the thickest skin on the back and thinnest on the belly.
Fraser's Dolphin can heal skin wounds with minimal scarring, unlike humans.
28 citations
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September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry” Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.
26 citations
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January 2022 The skin is essential for protection, temperature control, and immune defense.
December 2025 in “Toxicologic Pathology” The skin protects the body, helps with immunity, senses, temperature control, and makes vitamin D.
January 2009 in “Elsevier eBooks”
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September 2016 in “American journal of medical and biological research” Male cattle skin is better for quality leather production.
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June 1999 in “In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal”
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November 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology” The spiny mouse can regenerate its skin without scarring, which could help us learn how to heal human skin better.
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December 2004 in “Developmental biology” cDermo-1 causes dense skin, feathers, and scales in chickens.
238 citations
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October 1994 in “Current opinion in genetics & development” The document concludes that recent research has improved understanding of skin diseases and the balance between cell growth and differentiation in the epidermis.
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September 2018 in “Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences” Rex rabbits' hair follicles develop dynamically in the first 8 weeks, with key genes and proteins changing over time.