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GlossaryRespiratory Infection

infection affecting the respiratory system, including sinuses, throat, or lungs

A Respiratory Infection, also known as a Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), is an infection that affects the respiratory system, which includes the sinuses, throat, airways, or lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens and are commonly categorized into upper respiratory infections (like the common cold and sinusitis) and lower respiratory infections (such as bronchitis and pneumonia). Symptoms can range from mild, like a runny nose and sore throat, to severe, such as difficulty breathing and chest pain.

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Long-Term Symptom Profiles After COVID-19 vs Other Acute Respiratory Infections: A Population-Based Observational Study (COVIDENCE UK)

research Long-term symptom profiles after COVID-19vsother acute respiratory infections: a population-based observational study (COVIDENCE UK)

2 citations , July 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

COVID-19 causes more taste, smell, hair, memory, and concentration issues than other respiratory infections.

research Repetitive respiratory tract infection and trace elements zinc iron and cuprum in hair: A correlative study

January 2006 in “Heilongjiang yiyao kexue”

Children with frequent respiratory infections may have low levels of zinc, iron, and copper.

research Symptoms Compatible With Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) in Healthcare Workers With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection—Results of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort

35 citations , January 2022 in “Clinical Infectious Diseases”

Healthcare workers with COVID-19 reported more long-term symptoms, and physical activity may help reduce some of these symptoms.

Immunological Aspects and Gender Bias During Respiratory Viral Infections Including Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): A Scoping Review

research Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19): A scoping review

11 citations , May 2021 in “Journal of Medical Virology”

Men are more likely to have severe respiratory viral infections like COVID-19 due to hormonal and genetic differences, while women generally have stronger immune responses.

research Role of Endolysosomes in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Implications for Potential Treatments

55 citations , October 2020 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Targeting endolysosomes may help treat COVID-19.

Management of Hair Loss After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Insight Into the Pathophysiology With Implication for Better Management

research Management of hair loss after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: Insight into the pathophysiology with implication for better management

7 citations , May 2022 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Hair loss is a frequent long-term effect of COVID-19, and oral minoxidil is the most common effective treatment.

research Diffused alopecia followed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection

April 2021 in “Libyan journal of medical sciences”

A woman's hair loss improved with treatment after a COVID-19 infection.

research ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AFTER RECOVERING FROM VIRAL INFECTION IN CHILDREN

September 2023 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

Children may have lingering respiratory issues after recovering from COVID-19.

research Immunologic and Autoimmune-Related Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

16 citations , April 2023 in “Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America”

research The Effects of Sex Hormones and some Respiratory Diseases on the Severity of Corona Virus Infection

5 citations , May 2022 in “Bionatura”

Asthma and high testosterone increase Covid-19 severity, while progesterone protects young women.

research Late unexpected consequences of COVID‐19 infection in survivors of acute hypoxic respiratory failure

1 citations , August 2021 in “Internal Medicine Journal”

After severe COVID-19, 71% of patients experienced excessive hair shedding and thinning within 3 months due to factors like low oxygen levels, medication, stress, and autoimmune disease.

research Correlation between Androgenetic Alopecia and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Infection in China

December 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

People with androgenetic alopecia had milder COVID-19 symptoms during the Omicron wave in China.

Efficacy and Safety of Baricitinib in Managing Severe Alopecia Areata: A 6-Month Real-World Experience

research BH15 Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in the management of severe alopecia areata over a 6-month period: a real-world experience

June 2023 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Baricitinib was effective and safe for severe hair loss treatment over 6 months.

research Integrated safety analysis of baricitinib in adults with severe alopecia areata from two randomized clinical trials

25 citations , November 2022 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Baricitinib for severe alopecia areata is generally safe, with common side effects like infections and acne, and low rates of serious complications.

research Tofacitinib for the treatment of severe alopecia areata and variants: A study of 90 patients

238 citations , November 2016 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Tofacitinib is effective and safe for severe hair loss, but full regrowth is less likely after 10 years of hair loss.

research Benefit and risk profile of tofacitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata: a systemic review and meta‐analysis

54 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Tofacitinib is somewhat effective for alopecia areata, but more research is needed on its safety and long-term effects.

research Tofacitinib therapy for children with severe alopecia areata

39 citations , January 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Tofacitinib may help treat severe childhood alopecia areata, but risks require careful consideration.

research Clinical experiences on alopecia areata treatment with tofacitinib: A study of 63 patients

17 citations , January 2019 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Tofacitinib is effective and safe for long-term treatment of severe alopecia areata, with many patients achieving complete hair regrowth.

research Response of alopecia areata of the beard to oral tofacitinib

11 citations , November 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Oral tofacitinib is a promising treatment for beard hair loss in alopecia areata.

research Adverse events in patients treated with Jak‐inhibitors for alopecia areata: A systematic review

2 citations , April 2023 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

JAK-inhibitors for alopecia areata are generally safe with mostly mild side effects and a low rate of treatment withdrawal.

research Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib in 97 alopecia areata patients

May 2024 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

Tofacitinib is an effective and safe treatment for alopecia areata.

research Systemic Tofacitinib Treatment in Pediatric Patients with Resistant Alopecia Areata

January 2024 in “Dermatologic therapy”

Tofacitinib is a safe treatment for hair loss in children, but long-term use may be needed for best results.

Efficacy and Safety of Baricitinib in Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata Over 52 Weeks in Phase III Trials

research Efficacy and Safety of Baricitinib in Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata over 52 Weeks of Continuous Therapy in Two Phase III Trials (BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2)

20 citations , March 2023 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

Baricitinib improved severe hair loss in adults over 52 weeks and was safe to use.

research Safety of Janus Kinase inhibitors in Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review

3 citations , May 2023 in “Clinical drug investigation”

JAK inhibitors for alopecia areata are linked to minor side effects like headache and acne, but not to an increased risk of serious adverse events.

research ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RITLECITINIB IN ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ALOPECIA AREATA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

December 2025 in “International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science”

Ritlecitinib is generally safe for long-term use, with mostly mild side effects.

research Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

84 citations , March 2010 in “Infectious Disease Clinics of North America”

The document concludes that rapid identification, isolation, and strict infection control are crucial to manage SARS outbreaks.

Experience with Oral Tofacitinib in Adolescents and Adults with Alopecia Areata

research Experience with oral tofacitinib in two adolescents and seven adults with alopecia areata

9 citations , October 2019 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Oral tofacitinib has a moderate success rate and is generally safe for treating hair loss in some patients.

research Baricitinib for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata

6 citations , May 2023 in “Drugs”

Baricitinib helps regrow hair in adults with severe alopecia better than a placebo and is approved for treatment, but long-term effects are still unknown.

research Treatment of chronic alopecia areata with tildrakizumab: an open‐label pilot study

3 citations , March 2020 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Tildrakizumab showed limited effectiveness in treating chronic alopecia areata in a small group of patients.

research EPH39 Alopecia Areata: Targeted Review of Adverse Events Associated with Clinical Studies of Treatments

June 2023 in “Value in Health”

Alopecia areata treatments often cause headaches and infections, highlighting the need for safer options.