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GlossaryRho kinase

enzyme regulating cell shape and movement via the cytoskeleton

Rho kinase, often abbreviated as ROCK, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating the shape and movement of cells by affecting the cytoskeleton, which is the cell's structural framework. It is involved in various cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, and has been implicated in conditions like hypertension, cancer, and certain types of hair loss, such as alopecia.

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Short-Term Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Treatment Accelerates Primary Keratinocyte Growth Without Affecting the Stem Cell Population

research 557 Short-term Rho-associated kinase inhibitor treatment accelerates primary keratinocyte growth without affecting the characteristics of the stem cell population

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Short-term treatment with ROCKi increases skin cell growth without changing stem cell features.

research Establishment of an Efficient Primary Culture System for Human Hair Follicle Stem Cells Using the Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Y-27632

16 citations , March 2021 in “Frontiers in cell and developmental biology”

A new method using Y-27632 improves the growth and quality of human hair follicle stem cells for tissue engineering and therapy.

Cell Surface Receptor Kinase FERONIA Linked to Nutrient Sensor TORC Signaling Controls Root Hair Growth at Low Temperature Linked to Low Nitrate in Arabidopsis Thaliana

research Cell surface receptor kinase FERONIA linked to nutrient sensor TORC signaling controls root hair growth at low temperature linked to low nitrate inArabidopsis thaliana

2 citations , January 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

A protein called FERONIA helps control root hair growth in response to cold and low nitrogen by activating nutrient-sensing pathways in a plant called Arabidopsis.

research Androgens Induce Nongenomic Stimulation of Colonic Contractile Activity through Induction of Calcium Sensitization and Phosphorylation of LC20 and CPI-17

31 citations , March 2010 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

Androgens like testosterone increase colon muscle contractions by affecting calcium pathways.

IL-9 Mediated Human Primary Keratinocytes Invasion Is Dependent on MLC Controlled Contractility and Independent of MMP Activity

research 879 IL-9 mediated human primary keratinocytes invasion is dependent on MLC controlled contractility and independent of MMP activity

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-9 increases skin cell movement but decreases their ability to invade, and this effect is controlled by cell contractility, not by MMPs.

research The TOR–Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth

20 citations , January 2021 in “Plants”

High energy boosts root hair growth in plants, while low energy stops it.

research Emerging role of ILK and ELMO2 in the integration of adhesion and migration pathways

10 citations , May 2012 in “Cell Adhesion & Migration”

ILK and ELMO2 help cells move and stick together, important for wound healing and hair growth.

research A novel immune competent murine hypertrophic scar contracture model: A tool to elucidate disease mechanism and develop new therapies

35 citations , October 2014 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration”

The model helps understand scar contraction and develop new treatments.

Angelica Gigas Nakai (Korean Dang-Gui) Root Alcoholic Extracts in Health Promotion and Disease Therapy: Active Phytochemicals and In Vivo Molecular Targets

research Angelica gigas Nakai (Korean Dang-gui) Root Alcoholic Extracts in Health Promotion and Disease Therapy – active Phytochemicals and In Vivo Molecular Targets

2 citations , January 2025 in “Pharmaceutical Research”

Angelica gigas Nakai root extracts may help with cancer, pain, memory loss, and metabolic issues.

Dysregulated Behavior of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Triggers Alopecia and Provides Potential Therapeutic Targets

research Dysregulated behaviour of hair follicle stem cells triggers alopecia and provides potential therapeutic targets

3 citations , May 2022 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Misbehaving hair follicle stem cells can cause hair loss and offer new treatment options.

research Localizing the ROS Signal

December 2005 in “Science s STKE”

Localized ROS production is essential for cell growth and movement in plants and animals.

research The Rho guanosine nucleotide exchange factors Vav2 and Vav3 modulate epidermal stem cell function

3 citations , May 2022 in “Oncogene”

Vav2 and Vav3 proteins help control skin stem cell numbers and activity in both healthy and cancerous cells.

research The Rho GTPase exchange factor Vav2 promotes extensive age-dependent rewiring of the hair follicle stem cell transcriptome

September 2023 in “Frontiers in cell and developmental biology”

Vav2 changes how hair follicle stem cells' genes work as they age, which might improve regeneration but also raise cancer risk.

Hair Growth Promoting and Anticancer Effects of p21-Activated Kinase 1 (PAK1) Inhibitors Isolated from Different Parts of Alpinia Zerumbet

research Hair Growth Promoting and Anticancer Effects of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) Inhibitors Isolated from Different Parts of Alpinia zerumbet

13 citations , January 2017 in “Molecules”

Compounds from Alpinia zerumbet may help with hair regrowth and cancer treatment by targeting PAK1.

Phosphatidic Acid Has Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

research Phosphatidic Acid Has a Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

46 citations , August 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Phosphatidic acid may help hair grow by affecting cell growth pathways.

Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

research Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

3 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Vitexin Compound 1 may help reduce skin aging caused by UVA light.

research Feronia: A Malectin-Like Domain-Containing Receptor Kinase in Arabidopsis Thalina

October 2021 in “Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst)”

FERONIA is crucial for plant growth, pollen tube reception, and sugar signaling.

research The role of lysophosphatidic acid in the physiology and pathology of the skin

24 citations , December 2018 in “Life sciences”

Lysophosphatidic acid is important for skin health and disease, and could be a target for new skin disorder treatments.

Immune Deficiency-Related Enteropathy-Lymphocytopenia-Alopecia Syndrome Results from Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 7A Deficiency

research Immune deficiency–related enteropathy-lymphocytopenia-alopecia syndrome results from tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A deficiency

64 citations , August 2014 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

A deficiency in the TTC7A gene causes immune problems, gut issues, and hair loss.

research cis-Element- and Transcriptome-Based Screening of Root Hair-Specific Genes and Their Functional Characterization in Arabidopsis

188 citations , May 2009 in “Plant physiology”

Researchers found 19 genes important for root hair growth in a plant called Arabidopsis.

research The Auxin-Regulated CrRLK1L Kinase ERULUS Controls Cell Wall Composition during Root Hair Tip Growth

109 citations , February 2018 in “CB/Current biology”

ERULUS controls root hair growth by regulating cell wall composition and pectin activity.

research PAK4 signaling in health and disease: defining the PAK4–CREB axis

81 citations , February 2019 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

PAK4 is crucial in cancer progression, brain development, and could be a therapeutic target, especially through the PAK4-CREB axis.

research Protein Kinase Cε, which Sensitizes Skin to Sun's UV Radiation–Induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Associates with Stat3

76 citations , February 2007 in “Cancer Research”

Protein Kinase Cε increases skin sensitivity to UV damage and skin cancer risk.

research Esrp1-Regulated Splicing of Arhgef11 Isoforms Is Required for Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity

25 citations , November 2018 in “Cell reports”

The study concluded that specific proteins are necessary to maintain the structure that holds epithelial cells tightly together.

research Tofacitinib for the treatment of severe alopecia areata and variants: A retrospective cohort study of 90 patients

June 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Tofacitinib is effective and safe for treating severe alopecia areata and related conditions.

research 078 The transmembrane protein LRIG1 regulates receptor tyrosine kinases in skin development and homeostasis

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

LRIG1 protein affects hair growth by regulating skin receptors, leading to hair loss when overexpressed.

research A Receptor-Like Kinase Mediates Ammonium Homeostasis and Is Important for the Polar Growth of Root Hairs inArabidopsis

107 citations , April 2014 in “The Plant cell”

The CAP1 gene helps control ammonium levels and is necessary for the proper growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis.

research TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

82 citations , February 2017 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology”

The TGF-β family helps control how cells change and move, affecting skin, hair, and organ development.

research Epidermal Polarity Genes in Health and Disease

32 citations , December 2014 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine”

Disruptions in epidermal polarity genes can lead to skin diseases.

research Essential Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Melanoblast Colonization of the Skin

14 citations , July 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Integrin-linked kinase is crucial for melanoblasts to properly colonize the skin.