research Comprehensive molecular and cellular studies suggest avian scutate scales are secondarily derived from feathers, and more distant from reptilian scales
Bird scales evolved from feathers, not reptile scales.
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research Single-cell transcriptomics defines keratinocyte differentiation in avian scutate scales
The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.
research Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Avian Reticulate Scales Implies the Evo–Devo Novelty of Skin Appendages in Foot Sole
Bird foot scales develop differently and can repair but not fully regenerate due to the lack of specialized stem cell areas.
research Transcriptome analyses of reprogrammed feather / scale chimeric explants revealed co-expressed epithelial gene networks during organ specification
Key genes can rewire networks, changing skin appendage types.
research Evolution of hard proteins in the sauropsid integument in relation to the cornification of skin derivatives in amniotes
Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
research Transient agonism of the sonic hedgehog pathway triggers a permanent transition of skin appendage fate in the chicken embryo
Activating the sonic hedgehog pathway in chicken embryos can permanently change scales to feathers.
research Evo Devo of the Vertebrates Integument
The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.
research Ectodermal Organ Stem Cells: Morphogenesis, Population Regenerative Behavior, and Evo-Devo
Different ectodermal organs like hair and feathers regenerate differently, with specific stem cells and signals involved in their growth and response to the environment.
research Novel Tissue Mechanics-Guided Cellular Flows Enable the Evolution of Feather Follicles
Cellular flows and tissue mechanics guide feather follicle formation in birds.
research Skin Appendage Proteins of Tetrapods: Building Blocks of Claws, Feathers, Hair and Other Cornified Epithelial Structures
Understanding proteins in skin structures like claws and hair is crucial for future research.
research Molecular signaling in feather morphogenesis
Feather growth and regeneration involve complex patterns, stem cells, and evolutionary insights.
research Immunolocalization of a Histidine-Rich Epidermal Differentiation Protein in the Chicken Supports the Hypothesis of an Evolutionary Developmental Link between the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feather Barbs and Barbules
A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.
research Detecting the Mechanism behind the Transition from Fixed Two-Dimensional Patterned Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Dermal Papilla Cells to Three-Dimensional Pattern
The study concluded that changing the culture conditions can cause sika deer skin cells to switch from a flat to a 3D pattern, which is important for creating hair follicles.
research Viewpoint 4
Skin patterns form through molecular signals and genetic factors, affecting healing and dermatology.
research Morpho‐regulation in diverse chicken feather formation: Integrating branching modules and sex hormone‐dependent morpho‐regulatory modules
Sex hormones, especially estradiol, can change chicken feather shapes and colors.
research Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument
The conclusion is that skin and hair patterns are formed by a mix of cell activities, molecular signals, and environmental factors.
research Regionalisation of the skin
Skin varies in thickness, color, and features due to complex genetic and cellular processes.
research 660 Complex cellular flows shape feather follicle topology
Cell movements and forces shape feather growth in chicken skin.
research Transglutaminase Activity Is Conserved in Stratified Epithelia and Skin Appendages of Mammals and Birds
Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
research Retinoic Acid-Induced Epidermal Transdifferentiation in Skin
Retinoic acid helps change skin cells and is important for skin development and hair growth.
research Genomic Organization, Transcriptomic Analysis, and Functional Characterization of Avian α- and β-Keratins in Diverse Feather Forms
Feather diversity is due to different keratin gene combinations, and chickens can help study human keratin diseases.
research Development and Maintenance of Epidermal Stem Cells in Skin Adnexa
Epidermal stem cells create and maintain skin structures like hair and nails through specific signaling pathways and vary by location and function.
research The idiosyncratic genome of Korean long-tailed chicken as a valuable genetic resource
Korean long-tailed chickens have unique genes valuable for ornamental breeding.
research Immunolocalization of Scaffoldin, a Trichohyalin‐Like Protein, in the Epidermis of the Chicken Embryo
Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
research Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms in Chicken Feather Follicle Morphogenesis
The document concludes that various signaling pathways and genetic factors are crucial for chicken feather development, affecting poultry quality.
research remarks on the evolution of the integumental scale armour
Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
research Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-Devo, pattern formation and regeneration
Reptile scales help us understand the evolution of skin features like hair and feathers.
research Dermo‐epidermal interactions in reptilian scales: Speculations on the evolution of scales, feathers, and hairs
Reptilian scales, feathers, and hairs evolved from changes in skin cell interactions.
research Acquired morphological changes of mammalian hair scales
Mammalian hair scales change from smooth to wavy due to friction.
research The regeneration of caudal epidermal specializations inLygodactylus picturatus keniensis (gekkonidae, Lacertilia)
Lizards can regrow their tail scales with the same structure, distribution, and gender-specific features as the original ones, and this unique ability is not seen in adult mammals.