January 2008 in “Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory” Cysteine formation on hair indicates damage, best detected at pH 4.5.
January 2018 in “ScholarWorks @UVM (University of Vermont)” Selenium in proteins helps prevent over-oxidation and supports chemical reversibility.
10 citations
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January 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Thioglycolic acid mainly affects the unordered areas in hair structure.
1 citations
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February 1991 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” September 1978 in “PubMed” Chondroitin sulphate is more abundant than hyaluronic acid in skin and hair samples, except in gamma-keratosis.
18 citations
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January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Thioglycolic acid and L-cysteine change hair structure differently during perms, affecting hair strength and curling efficiency.
54 citations
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January 1984 in “Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry”
3 citations
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January 2004 in “Sen i Gakkaishi” DTDG in hair treatments reduces damage and preserves hair structure.
144 citations
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May 1990 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”
17 citations
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December 2004 in “Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters” Scientists found new, better-working inhibitors for a hormone-related enzyme.
September 2016 in “Journal of Engineering and Technological Science” Women with telogen effluvium have an imbalance in thiol-disulphide, suggesting oxidative stress may contribute to hair loss.
2 citations
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September 1996 in “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” Potassium cyanide changes hair's disulfide bonds to monosulfide, affecting high-sulfur proteins more.
20 citations
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December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” The study found that thioglycolic acid breaks down hair bonds more consistently than l-cysteine, which is less damaging to hair.
37 citations
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October 2006 in “Steroids” New sulfur-containing steroid analogs show promise for more targeted medical treatments.
December 2025 in “Biomolecules” Targeting protein S-palmitoylation could lead to new skin disease treatments.
6 citations
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April 1989 in “Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms” Sulphur in hair follicles increases from the bulb and then levels off, while other elements vary in distribution.
11 citations
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January 1989 Two patients had a unique form of trichothiodystrophy with reduced high-sulfur proteins in their hair.
4 citations
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December 1989 in “The Journal of Dermatology” Human hair proteins have similar cysteine and glycine levels to skin proteins.
108 citations
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April 2004 in “Medicinal Research Reviews” Steroid sulfatase inhibitors could help treat hormone-related disorders and cancers.
2 citations
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January 1975 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Certain enzymes react strongly with some hormones in rat skin during hair growth, mainly in sebaceous glands and hair sheaths.
3 citations
,
January 2019 in “International Journal of Trichology” The balance of thiol-disulfide in women with hair loss is affected but not damaged.
36 citations
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October 2014 in “Langmuir” Bleaching hair removes its protective top layer and exposes more hydrophilic groups, changing its chemical surface and affecting how it interacts with products.
13 citations
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January 1997 in “Biochemical Pharmacology” Human liver enzyme DHEA ST helps process minoxidil.
51 citations
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September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules” Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.
January 2011 in “대한피부과학회지” A 7-year-old girl was diagnosed with trichothiodystrophy due to low sulfur levels in her hair.
62 citations
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December 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” A specific chemical change in the S100A3 protein leads to the formation of a four-part structure important for hair formation.
April 2025 in “Pharmaceuticals” APA is a promising new compound for repairing damaged hair, outperforming Olaplex® in strength and elasticity.
11 citations
,
September 1996 in “Journal of applied polymer science” Potassium cyanide treatment changes hair's disulfide bonds, making it more elastic.
2 citations
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February 1983 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Selenium disulphide detergents increase hair oiliness by boosting some lipids and reducing fatty acids.
December 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Thiol/disulfide balance is normal in male AGA patients but shifts towards oxidative stress with emotional stress and low vitamin D.