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GlossaryTerminal Differentiation

cell's final development into a specialized, non-dividing state

Terminal differentiation is the process by which a cell undergoes its final stage of development, becoming a specialized cell type with a specific function, such as a skin cell or a neuron. Once a cell has terminally differentiated, it typically loses the ability to divide and produce new cells, focusing instead on performing its specialized role. This process is crucial for the proper functioning of tissues and organs in the body.

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Hair Growth Induction by the Tellurium Immunomodulator AS101: Association with Delayed Terminal Differentiation of Follicular Keratinocytes and Ras-Dependent Up-Regulation of KGF Expression

research Hair growth induction by the tellurium immunomodulator AS101: association with delayed terminal differentiation of follicular keratinocytes and ras‐dependent up‐regulation of KGF expression

51 citations , December 2003 in “The FASEB Journal”

The substance AS101 can help hair grow by slowing down hair cell aging and boosting a hair growth protein.

research Association of basonuclin with ability of keratinocytes to multiply and with absence of terminal differentiation.

104 citations , July 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Basonuclin helps keratinocytes multiply and prevents them from fully maturing.

research 591 Chromatin architectural protein CTCF regulates terminal keratinocyte differentiation in the developing epidermis and hair follicles

April 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

CTCF protein is essential for skin and hair follicle development in mice.

research The role of cathepsin E in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes

15 citations , April 2011 in “Biological Chemistry”

Cathepsin E is crucial for normal skin cell differentiation and development.

research Autophagy-Mediated Cellular Remodeling during Terminal Differentiation of Keratinocytes in the Epidermis and Skin Appendages

7 citations , October 2024 in “Cells”

Autophagy is essential for proper skin cell development and function.

Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

research Characterisation of cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation in a maximally proliferative human epithelial tissue: Lessons from the human hair follicle matrix

30 citations , April 2017 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

CIP/KIP proteins help stop cell division and support hair growth.

research Chapter 3 Expression and Modification of Keratins During Terminal Differentiation of Mammalian Epidermis

81 citations , January 1987 in “Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology”

Keratins change and are modified differently in skin layers and body parts.

research The Nude Mutant Gene Foxn1 Is a HOXC13 Regulatory Target during Hair Follicle and Nail Differentiation

68 citations , December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

HOXC13 is essential for hair and nail development by regulating Foxn1.

research Two Mechanisms Regulate Keratin K15 Expression In Keratinocytes: Role of PKC/AP-1 and FOXM1 Mediated Signalling

35 citations , June 2012 in “PloS one”

Keratin 15 expression in skin cells is regulated by two mechanisms involving PKC/AP-1 and FOXM1.

research N-terminal functional domain of Gasdermin A3 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis via mitochondrial targeting

76 citations , June 2015 in “Journal of biomedical science”

Mutations in Gasdermin A3 cause skin inflammation and hair loss by disrupting mitochondria.

research AP-2α/AP-2β transcription factors are key regulators of epidermal homeostasis

December 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

AP-2α and AP-2β proteins are essential for healthy adult skin and hair.

research The Process of Cornification Evolved From the Initial Keratinization in the Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives of Vertebrates: A New Synthesis and the Case of Sauropsids

73 citations , January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology”

Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.

research Regulation of epidermal proliferation and hair follicle cycling by synthetic photostable retinoid EC23

January 2023 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

The synthetic retinoid EC23 thickens skin and promotes hair growth more effectively and with a lower dose than natural retinoids.

research Apoptosis in human skin development: Morphogenesis, periderm, and stem cells

253 citations , March 1994 in “Developmental dynamics”

Apoptosis is essential for human skin development and forming a functional epidermis.

research Involucrin: A Constituent of Cross-Linked Envelopes and Marker of Squamous Maturation

23 citations , January 1986

Involucrin is crucial for skin cell maturation and protection.

research Selective Expression of Calcium-Binding Proteins S100A8 and S100A9 at Distinct Sites of Hair Follicles

22 citations , September 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

S100A8 and S100A9 proteins help form hair shafts during growth.

research Pattern of expression of c-Myc, Max and Bin1 in human anagen hair follicles

11 citations , June 2001 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

c-Myc, Max, and Bin1 help hair follicle cells mature and die.

research Foxn1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation by regulating the activity of protein kinase C

26 citations , May 2007 in “Differentiation”

Foxn1 helps skin cells mature by controlling a specific protein's activity.

research The Mixed Lineage Kinase Leucine-Zipper Protein Kinase Exhibits a Differentiation-Associated Localization in Normal Human Skin and Induces Keratinocyte Differentiation upon Overexpression

17 citations , November 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

ZPK helps skin cells mature and may affect skin health.

research Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin is a marker for dysregulated keratinocyte differentiation in human skin

96 citations , December 2002 in “Experimental dermatology”

NGAL indicates abnormal skin cell differentiation.

Cyclosporin A-Induced Hair Growth in Mice Is Associated with Inhibition of Calcineurin-Dependent Activation of NFAT in Follicular Keratinocytes

research Cyclosporin A-induced hair growth in mice is associated with inhibition of calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT in follicular keratinocytes

57 citations , June 2003 in “American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology”

Cyclosporin A helps mice grow hair by blocking a specific protein activity in skin cells.

research Epidermal keratinocyte stem cells: their maintenance and regulation

25 citations , December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

Deciphering a Message from the Nucleus: How Transcription Factors and Spatial Chromatin Interactions Orchestrate Epidermal Differentiation

research Deciphering a Message from the Nucleus: How Transcription Factors and Spatial Chromatin Interactions Orchestrate Epidermal Differentiation

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Key skin cell regulators and gene organization changes are crucial for skin cell development and could help treat skin disorders.

research Potential Role of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

12 citations , December 2022 in “Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark”

The role of certain genes in skin cell development may be linked to psoriasis, but the connection is unclear.

research c-Myc activation in transgenic mouse epidermis results in mobilization of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny

338 citations , April 2001 in “Current Biology”

c-Myc activation in mouse skin increases sebaceous gland growth and affects hair follicle development.

research Coactivator MED1 Ablation in Keratinocytes Results in Hair-Cycling Defects and Epidermal Alterations

41 citations , December 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Deleting MED1 in skin cells causes hair loss and skin changes.

research Expression of the Orphan Protein Plet-1 during Trichilemmal Differentiation of Anagen Hair Follicles

30 citations , February 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Plet-1 protein helps hair follicle cells move and stick to tissues.

Ectopic Expression of the Nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

research Ectopic Expression of the nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

69 citations , August 1999 in “Developmental biology”

The nude gene causes skin cell overgrowth and improper development, leading to hair and urinary issues.

research Lonely Hair

63 citations , October 2011 in “Archives of Dermatology”

Isolated long hairs at the original hairline can help diagnose Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia.

All Roads Lead to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling, Transcription Factor-Mediated, and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

research All Roads Go to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling/Transcription Factor-Mediated and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine”

The nucleus is key in controlling skin growth and repair by coordinating signals, gene regulators, and epigenetic changes.