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Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes modest feminization in transgender female adolescents, and works better with added estrogens.

Finasteride may affect female fertility by altering gene activity.

Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.

Testosterone increases fluid secretion and aquaporin expression in the vas deferens, which is important for male fertility.

Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.

Disrupting the Tsc2 gene in certain cells leads to thicker skin, larger hair, and changes in hair growth signaling, which can be partly reversed with specific treatment.

A specific ATR gene mutation is linked to a hereditary oropharyngeal cancer syndrome.

A boy's growth and immune problems were caused by a new mutation in the STAT5B gene.

Mutations in the FOXN1 gene cause severe immune issues but don't affect hair and nails.

A woman with a rare adrenal tumor and hormonal disorder had improved testosterone levels after surgery, but her menstrual irregularities continued.

The boy's severe skin disorder is caused by two new mutations in his TGM1 gene.

A TNFAIP3 gene mutation can cause unusual and varied symptoms of lupus and Sjogren's syndrome.

A woman's high testosterone and related symptoms were caused by overactive cells in her ovaries.

A new MTX2 gene mutation caused a severe genetic disorder in a young Chinese girl.

Androgens may increase arrhythmias in Brugada Syndrome, while Finasteride could reduce them.

Removing Sprouty genes in mice causes various hormone-related issues but does not increase cancer risk by one year of age.

Short-term finasteride use likely doesn't harm male fertility.

Treatment during development affects hormone balance and sexual behavior in male rats.

A rare ovarian tumor caused a postmenopausal woman to develop male-like features, which improved after surgery.

Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.

DSDs are birth conditions causing unusual sex development, managed with personalized care and sometimes surgery, but still lack a standard treatment approach.

Sex hormones affect brain injury differently in males and females.

Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.

The boy's genetic diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia helped improve management and counseling for him and his sister.

Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.

SQSTM1 gene issues may increase the risk of alopecia areata.

Finasteride reduces sperm count and quality and alters hormone levels in mice.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.

Loss of Pten in certain hair follicle stem cells increases skin cancer risk.