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October 2018 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” Injectables can feminize or masculinize a transgender person's face, but more research is needed for best practices.
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January 2009 in “Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters” DHT deficiency increases iNOS expression in rat testis and epididymis.
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October 2002 in “The FASEB Journal” Heart-specific steroid metabolism is crucial in cardiac hypertrophy.
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October 2016 in “Bone” A male with aromatase deficiency improved bone health with estradiol treatment.
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December 2009 in “Developmental Neurobiology” Androgens are essential for maintaining adult neuromuscular structure.
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May 2022 in “World Journal of Biological Chemistry” Progesterone may help trans women with breast development and health, but more research is needed.
January 2026 in “Elsevier eBooks” August 2020 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Finasteride, at doses of 5mg or higher, may negatively affect male fertility by reducing the expression of certain genes involved in sperm production.
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January 2000 in “Pediatrics in review” Early sexual development in children, especially girls, can be treated with hormone therapy to improve adult height and requires support for the child and family.
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November 1989 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Epitestosterone may act as a weak antiandrogen and can inhibit an enzyme involved in testosterone metabolism.
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October 2015 in “The New England Journal of Medicine” The woman's surgery lowered her testosterone and improved scalp hair loss but did not change her excessive body hair.
25 citations
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March 2004 in “Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology” Using testosterone-stimulated weanling rats can effectively replace castrated rats for anti-androgen testing, reducing animal stress.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy resolved hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman with rare ovarian tumors.
February 2025 in “Skin Appendage Disorders” Adrenal tumors can cause hair loss and high testosterone in women.
Testosterone in human pancreas cells boosts insulin production.
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February 2013 in “Maturitas” Testosterone therapy is beneficial for women's health and does not cause masculinization or liver damage, and it protects the heart and breasts.
January 2013 in “Revista Clínica Española” A postmenopausal woman's increased male hormone levels were successfully treated with surgery.
February 2021 in “Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports” A postmenopausal woman's excessive hair growth and hair loss were due to a non-cancerous ovarian condition, treated successfully with surgery.
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July 2022 in “BMC Women s Health” An ovarian tumor can cause high male hormones in postmenopausal women.
Testosterone works in different ways, including direct interaction with its receptor, conversion to other hormones for specific effects on genitalia, hair, bones, and muscle, and changes in body fat and sexual function when low.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A rare ovarian tumor that produced testosterone caused a blood clot in the lungs and increased red blood cells in a woman.
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May 1996 in “Endocrinology” Certain adrenal hormones can strongly stimulate oil gland growth in hamster skin, similar to male hormones.
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February 2019 in “Journal of neurochemistry” Sex hormones affect brain injury differently in males and females.
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November 2001 in “PubMed” An 80-year-old woman's severe hair loss was caused by a hormone-secreting ovarian tumor.
January 2025 in “BMJ Case Reports” Precocious puberty can signal familial adenomatous polyposis.
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November 1974 in “Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society” Males and females differ in lifespan, growth, organ size, metabolism, and brain structure, with females generally living longer and maturing earlier.