October 2018 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” Higher testosterone levels in Nigerian women with PCOS are linked to glucose disorders like diabetes.
21 citations
,
September 2017 in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research” Chromium supplements don't improve insulin, hormone levels, or cholesterol in women with PCOS but raise testosterone levels.
46 citations
,
August 1990 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Ketoconazole reduced hair growth and improved acne in women, but caused side effects needing careful monitoring.
October 2007 in “Postgraduate obstetrics & gynecology” Testosterone therapy can help postmenopausal women with low sexual desire but needs more safety research and should be used with estrogen therapy.
75 citations
,
March 1999 in “Fertility and sterility” Finasteride, CPA, and flutamide are all equally effective in reducing excessive hair growth in women.
35 citations
,
January 2012 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Androgen Deprivation Therapy for prostate cancer often reduces sexual function but intermittent therapy may be more tolerable.
4 citations
,
March 2017 in “Al-Mi’galaẗ al-sa'udiyaẗ lī-ulum al-ḥayaẗ” Leonuri Herba alkaloids may help treat hormone-induced enlarged prostate in rats.
January 2004 in “Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University)” Women with PCOS have higher 5alpha-reductase activity, affecting steroid levels.
114 citations
,
March 2018 in “PLOS Medicine” Women with PCOS are more than twice as likely to develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
100 citations
,
July 2004 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, and prolactin play complex roles in female sexual function, with testosterone potentially improving sexual desire, arousal, and satisfaction. However, more research is needed to establish safe and effective hormone treatments for female sexual dysfunction.
24 citations
,
November 2015 in “Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism” Certain SHBG gene variants, like rs727428, are linked to higher testosterone levels in women with PCOS.
4 citations
,
January 1989 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Women with hyperandrogenism have higher androgen levels and lower SHBG, which may contribute to conditions like excessive hair growth and early puberty.
November 2025 in “BMC Endocrine Disorders” The TT/DHT ratio may help identify PCOS patients with severe metabolic issues.
60 citations
,
February 2010 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Metformin combined with lifestyle changes improves insulin resistance and reduces testosterone levels in women with PCOS more than lifestyle changes alone.
56 citations
,
July 2008 in “European journal of endocrinology” Metformin and rosiglitazone improve blood vessel function in women with PCOS, with metformin also reducing insulin resistance and testosterone levels.
14 citations
,
August 2014 in “Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism” A low-starch/low-dairy diet may help overweight women with PCOS lose weight and improve metabolism, but more research is needed.
4 citations
,
August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.
September 2025 in “Reproductive health of woman” Metformin reduces high male hormone levels in women with PCOS.
28 citations
,
November 2003 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” The normal human prostate does not significantly affect blood DHT levels.
December 2005 in “Endocrine-related cancer” A woman's adrenal tumor disappeared after treatment with cyproterone acetate.
32 citations
,
July 2001 in “Endocrine Practice” Insulin-sensitizing drugs like metformin can help with ovulation, weight loss, and lower testosterone in some women with PCOS.
33 citations
,
January 2017 in “Conservation physiology” Measuring reproductive hormones in brown bear hair could help identify their sex and reproductive state, but better collection methods or lab techniques are needed.
Individualized treatment improves symptoms and quality of life for women with PCOS.
September 2024 in “Advanced medical journal” Spironolactone is effective and safe for treating acne in women, especially those over 25 with hormonal imbalances.
April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology” PSA can help diagnose high androgen levels in women.
1 citations
,
October 2013 in “Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute” Metformin helps improve menstrual irregularities and some hormone levels in PCOS patients, but not symptoms like excess hair, acne, or hair loss.
May 2024 in “Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics” Women with PCOS have higher oxidative stress and hormone imbalances, suggesting managing oxidative stress could help.
September 2024 in “Brazilian Journal of Case Reports” Clomiphene testing can help find ovarian causes of high testosterone in postmenopausal women.
January 2024 in “Journal of Natural Remedies” Solanum nigrum extract may help regrow hair.
May 2023 in “Animal Reproduction Update” High levels of cortisol in hair show long-term stress which can lower fertility in animals.