15 citations
,
June 1986 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Androgens increase pigmentation in young hamsters, but estrogens can reverse this effect.
26 citations
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August 2014 in “PubMed” Testosterone improves mood and thinking skills; finasteride has no effect.
4 citations
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January 2013 in “PubMed” Testosterone and finasteride raise insulin and zinc, lower chromium in male rats.
110 citations
,
April 2002 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Dihydrotestosterone gel improved well-being and sexual function in older men without negatively affecting prostate health.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Bilateral ovarian hyperthecosis is a rare but treatable cause of increased facial hair in postmenopausal women.
4 citations
,
June 2005 in “Andrology” A woman's diabetes improved after removing ovarian tumors that caused high testosterone levels.
1 citations
,
July 2015 in “AACE clinical case reports” Removing both ovaries treated the woman's excess male hormone symptoms.
19 citations
,
July 2005 in “Steroids” Testosterone increases 3α-androstanediol levels, which can be blocked by finasteride.
29 citations
,
November 1975 in “Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism” Testosterone is made by Leydig cells, is active when not bound to proteins, and works by binding to receptors in muscles and other tissues.
20 citations
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April 2021 in “Journal of Womens Health” Testosterone can help premenopausal and postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but its long-term safety is unclear and it's not widely approved for this use.
123 citations
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December 1997 in “Calcified Tissue International” Higher androgen levels and site-specific AR expression cause sex-related skeletal differences, and certain steroids can boost AR expression and androgen effects in bone cells.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Male pattern baldness may indicate arterial stiffness in transgender men on long-term testosterone therapy.
282 citations
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October 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.
1 citations
,
December 1992 in “International Journal of Dermatology” No significant hormone differences found in postmenopausal women with androgenetic alopecia.
February 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Hirsutism and acne indicate high androgen levels in women with PCOS, and early treatment can improve symptoms and quality of life.
67 citations
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April 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A subtle androgen receptor abnormality can allow normal male development and sometimes fertility despite partial androgen resistance.
Testosterone in human pancreas cells boosts insulin production.
January 2004 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Men with androgenetic alopecia do not have elevated DHEA-S levels.
17 citations
,
August 2015 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology” The study found that urine metabolites M1b or M4 are the best indicators of ATD use in horses, with detection possible up to 77 hours in urine and 28 hours in blood.
20 citations
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January 2003 in “Treatments in Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy can help improve mood, sexual function, and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed to establish safe and effective guidelines.
3 citations
,
October 2022 in “Hormone and Metabolic Research” Male hormones may increase the severity and death rates of COVID-19.
19 citations
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October 2019 in “BMC Neuroscience” Blood hormone levels don't accurately show brain hormone levels in males.
January 2011 in “Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism/Journal of pediatric endocrinology and metabolism” Hyperthyroidism can hide signs of high androgen levels in females.
20 citations
,
January 2007 in “Fertility and Sterility” A woman developed male traits from accidental contact with her husband's testosterone gel.
55 citations
,
March 1990 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride may treat baldness but less effective for those with 5α-reductase deficiency.
5 citations
,
August 2018 in “Sexual Medicine Reviews” 5α-Reductase inhibitors do not consistently increase testosterone levels in the blood.
February 2018 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Natesto nasal gel improves erectile function and mood in men with low testosterone within 30 days.
7 citations
,
September 2022 in “Communications biology” Omega-6 fats in certain cells boost male hormone production.
31 citations
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September 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Testosterone therapy may slightly improve sexual function in postmenopausal women, but its long-term safety is unknown.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A young patient with unusual insulin resistance and high testosterone levels had a rare INSR gene mutation.