321 citations
,
January 2012 in “Cell stem cell” TGF-β2 helps activate hair follicle stem cells by counteracting BMP signals.
April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The BMP/Smads pathway and Id2 gene control hair follicle stem cells, affecting their rest and growth phases.
Smad4 is crucial for muscle repair, especially in aging, by promoting cell growth over differentiation.
February 2026 in “Journal of Cellular Physiology” TGF-β3 controls stem cell growth and development, varying by cell type and conditions.
23 citations
,
May 2023 in “Cell Proliferation” TGF-β and FGF pathways are crucial for skin development and regeneration.
31 citations
,
September 2013 in “Stem Cells” Smad1 and Smad5 are essential for hair follicle development and stem cell sleepiness.
39 citations
,
March 2008 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” GLI2 increases follistatin production in human skin cells.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “Cell Death Discovery” Increasing Smurf2 hinders hair follicle stem cell differentiation and wound healing.
14 citations
,
April 2008 in “PROTEOMICS” Increased 14-3-3 proteins may block hair cycle regression, causing hair loss.
September 2025 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy” TAZ boosts fat cell formation in goat stem cells by activating a specific signaling pathway.
April 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Targeting non-Smad pathways in TGF-β signaling may improve keloid treatment.
288 citations
,
January 2001 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” Tgm2 helps stabilize dying cells and aids fibroblast attachment to the extracellular matrix.
44 citations
,
January 2013 in “BMC Dermatology” TGFβ signaling prevents sebaceous gland cells from producing fats.
60 citations
,
October 2020 in “Nature Communications” AP-1 and TGFß work together to drive resistance in basal cell carcinoma, suggesting new treatment options.
105 citations
,
April 2014 in “Trends in Pharmacological Sciences” Targeting the Smoothened receptor shows promise for treating certain cancers.
8 citations
,
September 2017 in “Scientific Reports” MAD2B slows down the growth of skin cells that are important for hair development by interacting with TCF4.
36 citations
,
October 2015 in “Cell reports” Gab1 protein is crucial for hair growth and stem cell renewal, and Mapk signaling helps maintain these processes.
11 citations
,
October 2017 in “Oncotarget” Gsdma3 affects hair growth by controlling Wnt5a, which influences hair cell development.
8 citations
,
February 2024 in “Matrix Biology” 3 citations
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July 2022 in “Brain and Behavior” The HtrA1L364P mutation causes brain dysfunction and blood vessel damage.
43 citations
,
December 2008 in “Molecular biology of the cell” Disrupting Smad4 in mouse skin causes early hair follicle stem cell activity that leads to their eventual depletion.
3 citations
,
May 2022 in “Oncogene” Vav2 and Vav3 proteins help control skin stem cell numbers and activity in both healthy and cancerous cells.
79 citations
,
January 2002 in “Nucleic Acids Research” BMP-2 activates the Dlx3 gene in mouse skin cells, important for hair and skin development.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Mutations in the SHH pathway in certain skin cells can cause skin tumors and abnormal hair growth.
147 citations
,
September 2006 in “Developmental Cell” Too much Smad7 changes skin and hair development by breaking down a protein called β-catenin, leading to more oil glands and fewer hair follicles.
Deleting Smad4 and PTEN genes in mice causes rapid, invasive forestomach cancer.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” TGF-β signaling is essential for hair follicle regeneration during wound healing.
25 citations
,
May 2013 in “Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia” Hedgehog signaling is crucial for mammary gland development over hair follicles.
Deleting Smad4 and PTEN genes in mice causes rapid, invasive stomach cancer.
3 citations
,
July 2024 in “Cell Proliferation” Blocking TGFβ can help treat fibrotic skin conditions by promoting fat cell formation.