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GlossaryTranscription Co-activator

protein that helps activate gene expression by binding to transcription factors

A transcription co-activator is a protein that helps turn on the expression of specific genes by binding to transcription factors, which are proteins that directly interact with DNA. While co-activators do not bind to DNA themselves, they facilitate the assembly of the transcription machinery, enhancing the efficiency of gene transcription. This process is crucial for regulating various biological functions, including hair growth and the response to conditions like alopecia.

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The Transcriptional Co-Activator cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein Is Expressed in Prostate Cancer and Enhances Androgen- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Androgen Receptor Function

research The Transcriptional Co-Activator cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein Is Expressed in Prostate Cancer and Enhances Androgen- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Androgen Receptor Function

72 citations , January 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

A protein called CBP is found in prostate cancer and can increase the effectiveness of certain prostate cancer treatments.

research Lack of androgen receptor transcriptional activity in human keratinocytes

30 citations , June 2000 in “Journal of dermatological science”

Human keratinocytes do not naturally respond to androgens.

research Distinct use of super-enhancer elements controls cell type–specific CD25 transcription and function

10 citations , November 2023 in “Science Immunology”

Super-enhancers control CD25 expression in specific cell types, affecting immune function.

research Many Paths to Alopecia via Compromised Regeneration of Hair Follicle Stem Cells

8 citations , May 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Different problems with hair stem cell renewal can lead to hair loss.

research Langerin+ Dendritic Cells in Cutaneous Fibrosis: The TGF-β1 Signaling Axis

October 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

Targeting specific cell interactions may help treat skin fibrosis.

Probing Androgen Receptor Co-Factor Selectivity Profiles: A Chemical Tool to Determine Cross-Talk Between Androgen Receptor and Beta-Catenin In Vivo

research Probing androgen receptor co-factor selectivity profiles: a chemical tool to determine cross-talk between androgen receptor and β-catenin in vivo

1 citations , January 2013 in “MedChemComm”

PF-05314882 selectively activates androgen receptors without much effect on prostate and may help in prostate cancer treatment and hair loss prevention.

research Leptin and the skin: a new frontier

108 citations , July 2009 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Leptin may improve skin regeneration and hair growth, and help reverse skin aging.

research Transcriptional activation of a subset of hair keratin genes by the NF-κB effector p65/RelA

7 citations , November 2007 in “Differentiation”

The NF-κB effector p65/RelA activates hair keratin genes, aiding hair formation.

research Expression and function of nuclear receptor co-activator 4: evidence of a potential role independent of co-activator activity

26 citations , May 2012 in “Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences”

NcoA4 may have roles beyond helping control gene activity, possibly affecting cell behavior and stability.

research Multiple roles for activated LEF/TCF transcription complexes during hair follicle development and differentiation

990 citations , October 1999 in “Development”

Activated LEF/TCF complexes are crucial for hair development and cycling.

research A role for the Tgf-β/Bmp co-receptor Endoglin in the molecular oscillator that regulates the hair follicle cycle

26 citations , September 2018 in “Journal of Molecular Cell Biology”

Endoglin is crucial for proper hair growth cycles and stem cell activation in mice.

research A role for the Tgf-β/Bmp co-receptor Endoglin in the molecular oscillator that regulates the hair follicle cycle

December 2017 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Endoglin is important for proper hair growth cycles and stem cell activation in hair follicles.

research Mechanisms that regulate androgen receptor transcriptional activity

August 2019 in “Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)”

DHT enhances androgen receptor activity more than testosterone, and MAGE-11 influences this activity through specific interactions.

research Forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor whn regulates hair keratin gene expression: Molecular analysis of theNude skin phenotype

75 citations , April 2000 in “Developmental Dynamics”

Whn is essential for hair growth, and its malfunction causes hair loss.

research Hairless Modulates Ligand-Dependent Activation of the Vitamin D Receptor-Retinoid X Receptor Heterodimer

28 citations , January 2012 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin”

Hairless protein can both repress and activate vitamin D receptor functions, affecting gene regulation.

research Stem Cell-Based Hair Cell Regeneration and Therapy in the Inner Ear

26 citations , October 2023 in “Neuroscience Bulletin”

Stem cell therapy could help regenerate inner ear hair cells to treat hearing loss.

research Genetically separable determinants of hair keratin gene expression

27 citations , January 2000 in “Developmental Dynamics”

Mutations in the Whn gene affect hair keratin gene expression differently.

research Editor's evaluation: Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis

April 2022

Lhx2 is essential for effective Sonic Hedgehog signaling in early retinal development.

research Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing

15 citations , August 2022 in “Journal of endocrinological investigation”

Vitamin D and calcium are important for quick and effective skin wound healing.

Crystallization and Preliminary X-Ray Analysis of the Human Androgen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain with a Coactivator-Like Peptide and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators

research Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain with a coactivator-like peptide and selective androgen receptor modulators

1 citations , November 2008 in “Acta crystallographica”

Scientists successfully created and analyzed the structure of a part of the human androgen receptor with specific modulators and a peptide to understand how it binds differently in various tissues.

GLI2-Specific Transcriptional Activation of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein/Activin Antagonist Follistatin in Human Epidermal Cells

research GLI2-specific Transcriptional Activation of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein/Activin Antagonist Follistatin in Human Epidermal Cells

39 citations , March 2008 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

GLI2 increases follistatin production in human skin cells.

Androgen Receptor Activation Integrates Complex Transcriptional Effects in Osteoblasts, Involving the Growth Factors TGF-β and IGF-I, and Transcription Factor C/EBPδ

research Androgen receptor activation integrates complex transcriptional effects in osteoblasts, involving the growth factors TGF-β and IGF-I, and transcription factor C/EBPδ

11 citations , July 2015 in “Gene”

DHT affects bone growth by altering gene activity in osteoblasts, potentially complicating steroid use.

research Expression of androgen receptor coactivator ARA70/ELE1 in androgenic alopecia

20 citations , August 2005 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

The protein ARA70/ELE1 is involved in male pattern baldness, and lower levels of its short form may lead to hair thinning.

research Faculty Opinions recommendation of The vitamin D receptor is a Wnt effector that controls hair follicle differentiation and specifies tumor type in adult epidermis.

April 2008 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature”

The vitamin D receptor helps control hair growth and may protect against certain skin tumors.

Androgen Receptor Transactivity Is Potentiated by TGF-β1 Through Smad3 but Checked by Its Coactivator Hic-5/ARA55 in Balding Dermal Papilla Cells

research Androgen receptor transactivity is potentiated by TGF-β1 through Smad3 but checked by its coactivator Hic-5/ARA55 in balding dermal papilla cells

19 citations , September 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

TGF-β1 increases androgen receptor activity in hair loss, but Hic-5/ARA55 can counter this effect.

research Coactivator MED1 Ablation in Keratinocytes Results in Hair-Cycling Defects and Epidermal Alterations

41 citations , December 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Deleting MED1 in skin cells causes hair loss and skin changes.

research SlPHL1, a MYB‐CC transcription factor identified from tomato, positively regulates the phosphate starvation response

11 citations , July 2021 in “Physiologia Plantarum”

SIPHL1 from tomato enhances plants' response to low phosphate levels.

research Macrophages Contribute to the Cyclic Activation of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

175 citations , December 2014 in “PLoS Biology”

Macrophages help activate hair follicle stem cells, affecting hair growth and skin repair.

Stress-Induced c-Jun-Dependent Vitamin D Receptor Activation Dissects the Non-Classical VDR Pathway from the Classical VDR Activity

research Stress-induced c-Jun-dependent Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Activation Dissects the Non-classical VDR Pathway from the Classical VDR Activity

31 citations , January 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Stress activates a special function of the Vitamin D receptor with the help of c-Jun, which can also prevent cell death.

Hair Growth Stimulation Effect of Centipeda Minima Extract: Identification of Active Compounds and Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways

research Hair Growth Stimulation Effect of Centipeda minima Extract: Identification of Active Compounds and Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways

14 citations , July 2021 in “Biomolecules”

Centipeda minima extract helps hair grow by activating important growth signals and could be a promising hair loss treatment.