4 citations
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December 1994 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate with estradiol improved women's self-confidence and emotional well-being without a difference between oral or transdermal methods, but younger women preferred the oral method.
10 citations
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July 2015 in “Veterinary Dermatology” Estradiol gel can cause hair loss in dogs.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Transgender females can reach their target estrogen levels using estradiol patches, especially if oral treatments fail or if they're at risk for blood clots. Often, the highest dose patch is needed.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” The patient was satisfied with hormone therapy, and her epilepsy remained stable.
August 2012 in “Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège)” A castrated dog developed hair loss and prostate issues from long-term exposure to estrogen cream.
18 citations
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May 2014 in “Menopause” A 5 mg dose of transdermal testosterone cream effectively restores testosterone levels in postmenopausal women.
204 citations
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May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
2 citations
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December 1994 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” The treatment effectively reduced hair growth and was safe for patients with PCOS, but it needs better bleeding control.
January 2014 in “Side effects of drugs annual” Exposure to certain sex hormones can increase health risks, while some hormone therapies may offer benefits for specific conditions.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
61 citations
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January 2017 in “Human Reproduction Open” The review recommends hormone replacement therapy for women with premature ovarian insufficiency to manage symptoms and protect health, with specific approaches for different groups.
75 citations
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August 2006 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” The eucalyptus oil system improved skin delivery of hormones, but safety concerns remain.
14 citations
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February 2015 in “Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association” Dogs exposed to their owners' hormone therapy developed hair loss, but symptoms resolved after stopping the therapy.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen deficiency can reduce the enzyme activity needed to activate vitamin D.
21 citations
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January 2003 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Different skin cells process testosterone differently, and certain drugs can change this process, possibly helping treat acne and hair loss.
31 citations
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September 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Testosterone therapy may slightly improve sexual function in postmenopausal women, but its long-term safety is unknown.
18 citations
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March 2009 in “Medical Hypotheses” The document suggests that blocking sweat glands with antiperspirants might allow skin-generated hormones to be absorbed, possibly increasing breast and prostate cancer risk.
151 citations
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November 2018 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Nanoparticles improve drug delivery through the skin but more research is needed on their long-term effects and skin penetration challenges.
151 citations
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July 2011 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Liposomal systems show promise for delivering drugs through the skin but face challenges like high costs and stability issues.
110 citations
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April 2002 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Dihydrotestosterone gel improved well-being and sexual function in older men without negatively affecting prostate health.
41 citations
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August 2024 in “Drug Delivery and Translational Research” 3D-printed microneedles improve drug delivery by being precise, cost-effective, and less invasive.
39 citations
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August 2017 in “Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces” 50-nm nanoparticles are better at penetrating skin and targeting hair follicles for drug delivery than 100-nm ones.
33 citations
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February 2021 in “Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Transdermal drug delivery systems are effective and promising for future use.
15 citations
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February 2013 in “Pharmaceutical nanotechnology” Finasteride delivery through skin improved using invasomes and iontophoresis.
7 citations
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April 2012 in “Clinical investigation” Transdermal testosterone can improve sexual desire in postmenopausal women but lacks long-term safety data and is not FDA-approved for this use.
2 citations
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January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” Lipid nanoparticles improve drug delivery through the skin, offering stability, controlled release, and better compatibility with skin.
1 citations
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November 2022 in “Pharmaceutical research” The simulation showed that hypobaric pressure improves drug delivery through the skin, but stretching alone doesn't fully explain the increase.
March 2025 in “Scientific Reports” Menthol-based microemulsions improve skin delivery of finasteride and silodosin.
January 2025 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Science & Technology” Dissolving microneedles offer efficient, minimally invasive drug delivery through the skin.