88 citations
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September 2003 in “Clinical endocrinology” Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.
21 citations
,
February 2021 in “BMJ case reports” Anabolic steroid users may face higher risk of severe COVID-19.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Transgender females can reach their target estrogen levels using estradiol patches, especially if oral treatments fail or if they're at risk for blood clots. Often, the highest dose patch is needed.
72 citations
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April 2008 in “The Journal of urology/The journal of urology” Dutasteride and finasteride do not significantly affect bone density, blood fats, or blood production, but slightly lower PSA levels and minimally impact sexual function in healthy young men.
24 citations
,
May 1982 in “Biochemical Pharmacology” These drugs cause hair growth without affecting testosterone or adrenal hormones.
September 1989 in “PubMed” Genetic response to androgens is key in female pattern baldness, not SHBG levels.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery” Hormone therapy greatly improves the quality of life for adults seeking gender reaffirmation, but more research is needed in India.
5 citations
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January 2005 in “Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry” New steroids were effective in blocking male hormone receptors in hamster prostates.
16 citations
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August 2007 in “Histopathology” A woman's rare adrenal tumor caused high testosterone and cortisol levels, which normalized after the tumor was removed.
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's increased facial hair and hair loss were caused by a rare ovarian tumor, cured by surgery.
March 2023 in “Bagcılar medical bulletin” A young woman had a rare tumor causing high male hormone levels and symptoms like excessive hair and acne. After removing the tumor, her hormone levels returned to normal. Early diagnosis is important.
20 citations
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April 2009 in “Fertility and Sterility” June 2023 in “Journal of personalized medicine” Androgen treatment with dihydrotestosterone may help maintain height in patients with 5-α-reductase type 2 deficiency, especially before puberty.
10 citations
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August 1990 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” High doses of cyclosporine A increase testosterone conversion, possibly boosting hair growth.
227 citations
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January 1998 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” Mutations at Val-889 and Arg-752 disrupt key interactions in the androgen receptor, affecting its function.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's masculine features were caused by a rare ovarian tumor that produced male hormones.
February 2021 in “International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)” A higher testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio in PCOS patients may indicate worse metabolic health.
March 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine” High-dose testosterone with finasteride improves muscle health in males with spinal cord injury.
14 citations
,
April 2024 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” 5α-reductases increase epitestosterone's effect on androgen receptors.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 12-year-old boy with PAIS successfully developed male characteristics using high-dose testosterone and anastrozole.
4 citations
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January 2007 in “Gynecological endocrinology” Low leptin levels in obese women with high testosterone may indicate a tumor that secretes male hormones.
1 citations
,
August 2025 in “Daehan saengsik uihak hoeji/Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine” BMI should be considered in future research on dutasteride's effects on fertility.
November 2025 in “BMC Endocrine Disorders” The TT/DHT ratio may help identify PCOS patients with severe metabolic issues.
64 citations
,
March 1984 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Cyproterone acetate effectively reduced hair growth in hirsute patients by lowering androgen levels and altering androgen metabolism.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Bilateral ovarian hyperthecosis is a rare but treatable cause of increased facial hair in postmenopausal women.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Rare ovarian tumors can cause hyperandrogenism, even if imaging appears normal.
17 citations
,
December 2015 in “Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry” 3-tetrazolo steroidal analogs can strongly inhibit the enzyme linked to hair loss.
9 citations
,
January 2009 in “PubMed” Finasteride treatment can decrease certain steroids and increase others, possibly leading to depression symptoms in some cases.
8 citations
,
July 2017 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” DHT affects testicular development and regulates spermatogenesis in some fish.