Alopecia Universalis with Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome of Infantile Onset: A Rare Presentation

This case report describes a rare presentation of alopecia universalis (AU) associated with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) of infantile onset in a 3-year-old girl. The patient experienced hair loss from the scalp and eyebrows starting at 2 months of age, followed by symptoms of nephrotic syndrome at 11 months. Despite initial response to high-dose corticosteroids, AU recurred and did not respond to subsequent treatments with low-dose corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, or tofacitinib. The case suggests a genetically driven immune dysregulation linking AU and FRNS, with potential implications for treatment using more specific JAK kinase inhibitors. This is a novel case due to the early onset and family history of nephrotic syndrome, highlighting the need for further research into the pathogenesis and treatment of this association.