Bioprinting of Hair: How Far We Have Proceeded and What Needs to Be Done

The document reviews the progress and challenges in using 3D bioprinting for hair regeneration, a promising approach for treating alopecia. Current treatments often offer limited benefits and rely on existing hair follicles. Advances in bioprinting include creating biomimetic dermal papilla spheroids, integrating hair-follicle organoids into engineered dermal matrices, and developing bioprinted skin equivalents with nascent hair follicle-like structures. These innovations hold potential for pharmacological testing and regenerative transplantation. However, clinical application is hindered by difficulties in integrating vascular and neural networks and controlling hair-cycle dynamics. The review emphasizes the need for strategic priorities to transition from experimental stages to scalable clinical solutions.