Recent Progress of Dopamine-Modified Tissue Adhesives for Biomedical Applications in Underwater Environments

This review highlights the advancements in dopamine-modified tissue adhesives for underwater biomedical applications. It emphasizes the challenges of underwater adhesion due to interfacial water molecules and explores various strategies, particularly mussel-inspired catechol-based adhesives, which offer strong adhesion through multiple interactions. The review categorizes underwater adhesives, examines the properties and applications of dopamine-modified polymeric adhesives, and discusses stimuli-responsive adhesives. It also addresses the technical challenges and future directions for improving underwater adhesion technologies.