Epidemiology, Genetics, and Risk Factors in Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of progressive hair loss globally, affecting both men and women. It is characterized by a specific pattern of hair loss due to genetic factors and the influence of androgen hormones, particularly dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The condition leads to the miniaturization of hair follicles, a shortened anagen phase, and an extended telogen phase, impacting not only physical appearance but also psychological and social well-being. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic factors, androgen metabolism, and follicular sensitivity, with recent studies highlighting the roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and microvascular changes in the scalp. Treatment options include pharmacological therapies like minoxidil and finasteride, as well as newer methods such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), low-level laser therapy, and hair transplantation. However, there is no definitive cure, and treatments primarily aim to slow disease progression and promote hair growth.