Hydrogels Modulating the Microbiome: Therapies for Tissue Regeneration with Infection Control

This review discusses the potential of functionalized hydrogels in modulating the microbiome for tissue regeneration and infection control. Hydrogels can deliver probiotics, prebiotics, antimicrobials, and immune-modulatory agents, enhancing bacterial viability and targeted delivery. Encapsulating beneficial bacteria like <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> within hydrogels can improve immune tolerance. Functionalized hydrogels with silver nanoparticles and nitric oxide donors effectively disrupt biofilms and clear pathogens. They also promote immune responses crucial for tissue repair, such as M2 macrophage polarization. Innovative techniques like 3D bioprinting and photothermal-responsive hydrogels increase their clinical applications.