Green and Emerging Microextraction Strategies for Bioanalytical Determination of Hormones: Trends, Challenges, and Applications

November 2025 in “ Molecules ”

David Vicente-Zurdo, Sonia Morante‐Zarcero, Isabel Sierra

hormones solid-phase microextraction dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry biological matrices green analytical chemistry sorbents SPME DLLME HPLC MS

TLDR Microextraction techniques improve hormone testing while being environmentally friendly.

This review discusses the challenges and advancements in hormone determination in biological matrices, emphasizing the role of microextraction techniques like solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). These methods, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), offer enhanced selectivity and align with green analytical chemistry principles. The use of environmentally friendly solvents and advanced sorbents is highlighted, with applications across various matrices such as urine and plasma. The review also addresses current challenges and future directions for sustainable hormone determination.

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