Seborrheic Dermatitis Revisited: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Emerging Therapies—A Narrative Review

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition influenced by factors such as microbiome dysbiosis, impaired skin barrier function, and immune activation, with Malassezia spp. playing a central role. Current treatments, including antifungals and corticosteroids, often provide only partial relief and are prone to relapses. Emerging therapies, such as PDE4 inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, probiotics, and microbiome-targeted treatments, show promise, particularly for severe or treatment-resistant cases. Despite these advances, SD remains challenging due to its relapsing nature and the limited long-term efficacy of existing therapies, highlighting the need for further research to develop precise and personalized management strategies.