10 citations
,
January 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Testosterone increases hair growth and acne in transgender men.
July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.
February 2026 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” This systematic review and meta-analysis, involving 52 studies with 6,485 participants, compared body composition and physical fitness between transgender and cisgender individuals. The findings reveal that transgender women have similar physical fitness levels to cisgender women, with comparable fat mass and strength, although they possess higher lean mass. Transgender men, however, have higher fat mass and lower lean mass and strength compared to cisgender men. Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in transgender women leads to increased fat mass and decreased lean mass and strength over 1-3 years, while transgender men experience reduced fat mass and increased lean mass and strength. The study challenges the assumption of inherent athletic advantages for transgender women over cisgender women and suggests that policies regarding transgender athletes should be evidence-based and nuanced, rather than imposing blanket bans.
1 citations
,
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.
1 citations
,
July 2025 in “BMC Psychology” Social rejection can harm long-term mental health in transgender individuals.