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GlossaryDysmenorrhea

painful menstrual cramps in the lower abdomen

Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as menstrual cramps, refers to the pain and discomfort experienced in the lower abdomen before or during menstruation. It can be classified into primary dysmenorrhea, which is pain without an underlying medical condition, and secondary dysmenorrhea, which is pain caused by a reproductive system disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids.

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research The effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on the hormonal profile, hirsutism, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and hair loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

May 2026 in “Journal of Functional Foods”

Ginger may help reduce testosterone and improve menstrual issues in women with PCOS.

research Effect of polycystic ovary syndrome on dysmenorrhea: a case-control study

2 citations , April 2024 in “International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology”

Women with PCOS have more frequent menstrual pain, but the pain's intensity is similar to those without PCOS.

research Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women's health

88 citations , June 2016 in “Human Reproduction Update”

New hormonal contraceptives are safer, have fewer side effects, and offer health benefits for women.

research Period problems: disorders of menstruation in adolescents

34 citations , June 2010 in “Archives of Disease in Childhood”

Menstrual disorders are common in adolescents and can be influenced by weight, activity, and health issues, requiring careful evaluation and more research for effective treatment.

research Profile of the progesterone derivative chlormadinone acetate — Pharmocodynamic properties and therapeutic applications

33 citations , January 2009 in “Contraception”

Chlormadinone acetate is a strong, well-tolerated hormone used in birth control and hormone therapy with benefits for menstrual pain and skin conditions.

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