January 2016 in “UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University)” Melasma results from changes in the skin's pigment and structure, not just pigment cell growth.
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January 2015 in “Journal of Pigmentary Disorders” Treating melasma in men is difficult, especially for the deeper skin layers, and may need more than just topical treatments.
May 2021 in “International journal of developmental research” Estrogens and progesterone are key in regulating melasma pigmentation.
September 2023 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” The cosmetic product improved melasma and skin quality without causing irritation.
January 2010 in “Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine” Melasma skin has more melanin and signs of aging, with strong CK10 expression linked to cell differentiation and aging.