190 citations
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October 2002 in “The FASEB journal” Androgens may cause hair loss by increasing TGF-beta1 from scalp cells, which inhibits hair cell growth.
186 citations
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July 1998 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery” Shorter CAG repeats may cause hair and skin issues, while longer ones may link to acne.
78 citations
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August 2012 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics” A new gene, JMJD1C, may affect testosterone levels in men.
68 citations
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April 2014 in “Journal of Molecular Endocrinology” The document concludes that targeting the androgen receptor may be a promising breast cancer treatment, especially for certain types.
46 citations
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June 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Androgen receptor activity blocks Wnt/β-catenin signaling, affecting hair growth and skin cell balance.
27 citations
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January 1984 in “Pharmacology & Therapeutics” Antiandrogens have important biological effects, but more research is needed to understand them fully and compare their effectiveness and side effects to other treatments.
9 citations
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March 1991 in “Endocrinology” Using two drugs together, Flutamide and 4-MA, is more effective for blocking male hormones than using each one alone.
October 2025 in “Scientific Reports” AR gene variations don't affect aging markers in men.
January 2008 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” ROS may affect hair loss related to hormones.
402 citations
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August 2011 in “Cancer research” Prostate cancer cells can make their own androgens to activate the androgen receptor, and treatments like abiraterone may increase this ability, suggesting new therapies should target the entire steroid-making pathway.
251 citations
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October 2014 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guidelines advise against using testosterone and DHEA in women for most conditions due to safety and effectiveness concerns, but suggest considering testosterone for postmenopausal women with low sexual desire.
227 citations
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January 1998 in “Journal of Endocrinology” Cells from balding scalps have more androgen receptors than cells from non-balding scalps.
204 citations
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February 2000 in “Current Medicinal Chemistry” Antiandrogens like flutamide are effective in treating conditions like prostate cancer and hair loss, but there's a need for more potent versions. Understanding their structure can help develop better treatments.
99 citations
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August 2003 in “Fertility and Sterility” Too much male hormone is the main cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
63 citations
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November 1999 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Hair sensitivity to androgens is partly controlled by specific enzyme expressions in different hair areas.
62 citations
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August 2018 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Androgens are important for normal ovarian function and estrogen production, but may not be the main cause of follicle death.
58 citations
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January 2003 in “Thrombosis and Haemostasis” Testosterone may slow down wound healing and increase inflammation.
58 citations
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June 2000 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Different types of androgens bind differently to two receptors, AR1 and AR2, in Atlantic croaker's brain and ovarian tissues, suggesting these receptors may control different androgen actions in fish.
51 citations
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January 1989 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Men with male-pattern baldness have more androgen receptors in their scalp's oil glands, which may contribute to hair loss.
48 citations
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January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics” Cytokines and neuropeptides are key in controlling androgen levels, affecting skin and hair conditions.
47 citations
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October 2016 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” Androgens prevent hair growth by changing Wnt signals in cells.
45 citations
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January 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Too much AKR1C3 enzyme causes resistance to finasteride by increasing testosterone.
42 citations
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April 2009 in “Human Genetics” A specific genetic mutation may increase male pattern baldness risk, especially in Europeans.
37 citations
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January 2008 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Shorter CAG repeats in a specific gene may increase male hormone activity and symptoms like acne and excess hair in women with PCOS.
26 citations
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December 2020 in “Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine” Testosterone and DHEA can benefit women's health but must be prescribed carefully due to potential risks.
25 citations
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July 2013 in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” Spironolactone harms fish reproduction and is more potent in fish than invertebrates, needing environmental monitoring.
25 citations
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November 2001 in “Kidney International” Male hormones worsen kidney transplant damage, but blocking them helps.
22 citations
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September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.
21 citations
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July 2019 in “Cardiovascular Research” High levels of male hormones in pregnant mice cause heart enlargement and poor heart function in their female babies.
20 citations
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May 2011 in “Cancer Biology & Therapy” Finasteride may improve prostate cancer treatment outcomes.