August 2025 in “American Journal of Case Reports” Accurate diagnosis and early specialist referral are crucial for managing 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development.
November 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Immune cells and plasma proteins are linked to hair loss, suggesting new treatment options.
309 citations
,
June 2001 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause androgen insensitivity, leading to female traits in genetically male individuals.
25 citations
,
January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, affecting sexual development.
60 citations
,
January 2007 in “Human Genetics” AR polyglycine repeat doesn't cause baldness.
15 citations
,
April 2003 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Gene differences may affect baldness treatment response in Korean men.
1 citations
,
September 2019 in “Steroids” Two new mutations in the AR gene linked to severe androgen insensitivity were found.
1 citations
,
August 2015 in “AACE Clinical Case Reports” A new gene mutation causes complete androgen insensitivity in a 16-year-old with a female appearance.
October 2023 in “IJEM case reports” A 15-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with a genetic condition that makes her body unable to respond to male hormones, leading to female characteristics despite having male genetic makeup.
March 2021 in “Bioscientia medicina” Androgen affects oil production and hair growth in the skin.
20 citations
,
March 1975 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” The study concludes that a genetic mutation in TFM mice leads to reduced androgen receptor activity, affecting the body's response to male hormones.
81 citations
,
August 2011 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Latanoprost 0.1% may effectively treat hair loss.
1744 citations
,
August 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Polycystic Ovary Syndrome should be seen mainly as a condition of excess male hormones, with a focus on this in its definition.
22 citations
,
June 2004 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” A woman had both Graham Little-Piccardi-Lassueur syndrome, causing hair loss, and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, making her genetically male but physically female. This suggests androgens don't affect the hair loss condition.
14 citations
,
March 2022 in “Clinical Endocrinology” The document concludes that a systematic approach is crucial to identify causes of androgen excess in women beyond the most common cause, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
23 citations
,
May 2009 in “International Journal of Dermatology” AR gene not major factor in female hair loss; different from male hair loss.
3 citations
,
March 2018 in “BMC Cancer” Baldness, especially at the front, may lower the risk of testicular cancer by 31%, but its link to prostate cancer is unclear.
October 2010 in “Reproductive Biomedicine Online” Women with PCOS and androgenic alopecia have different triglyceride metabolism compared to those without hair loss.
January 2016 in “Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi mecmuası” Severe hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) is linked to higher risk of heart disease (cardiovascular atherosclerosis).
174 citations
,
July 2003 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Five new mutations in the androgen receptor gene were found, helping to understand androgen insensitivity syndrome better.
124 citations
,
April 1992 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology” Beard hair follicles have more androgen receptors than non-balding scalp hair follicles.
48 citations
,
May 2015 in “PLOS ONE” DNA variants can predict male pattern baldness, with higher risk scores increasing baldness likelihood.
40 citations
,
January 2013 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Finger length ratios are not linked to the number of specific gene repeats affecting testosterone sensitivity.
10 citations
,
May 2017 in “Symmetry” Higher androgen levels are linked to less asymmetry in !Kung San males.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Miniaturized hair follicles in androgenetic alopecia show abnormal mitochondrial activity and damage.
January 2021 in “Przegla̧d dermatologiczny” Women know more about androgenetic alopecia than men.
July 2012 in “Medical Hypotheses” Artemis dysfunction might cause hair loss through telomere shortening.
June 2016 in “American Journal of Cardiology” Hair loss may indicate higher risk of heart disease.
14 citations
,
March 2023 in “Scientific Reports” Oxidative stress, not insulin resistance, is significantly related to free androgen index in PCOS.
54 citations
,
April 2010 in “Baillière's best practice and research in clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Impaired androgen production in 46,XY DSDs causes ambiguous genitalia and requires long-term care.