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GlossaryAntimicrobial Peptides

small proteins that kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are small proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by directly killing bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are part of the body's first line of defense and work by disrupting the membranes of these pathogens, making them an essential component in preventing infections.

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The Bacterial Metabolite, Butyrate, Prolongs Anagen and Promotes Autophagy, Mitochondrial Activity, Melanogenesis and Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Human Scalp Hair Follicles

research 558 The Bacterial Metabolite, Butyrate, Prolongs Anagen and Promotes Autophagy, Mitochondrial Activity, Melanogenesis and Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Human Scalp Hair Follicles

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Butyrate helps hair grow longer, improves hair cell health, increases pigment production, and boosts hair's natural defenses.

research Unraveling Evolutionary Insights into AVT Peptide Conservation and Antimicrobial Motif Prediction Across Taxa

August 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

AVT is highly conserved and may have antimicrobial properties.

research 495 OR2AT4 activation by a synthetic odorant, stimulates dermcidin production in human hair follicle epithelium and increases follicular resistance to bacterial contamination: A novel antimicrobial folliculitis therapy?

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A synthetic sandalwood odorant can boost antimicrobial production in hair follicles, making them more resistant to bacteria.

Trichophyton Tonsurans-Induced Kerion Celsi with Decreased Defensin Expression and Paradoxically Increased Interleukin-17A Production

research Trichophyton tonsurans‐induced kerion celsi with decreased defensin expression and paradoxically increased interleukin‐17A production

7 citations , July 2019 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Terbinafine effectively treated kerion celsi despite disrupted immune responses.

research Recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing

262 citations , May 2017 in “Nanomedicine”

New nanofiber technology improves wound healing by supporting cell growth and delivering treatments directly to the wound.

research Wounds and the Microbiota: The Healing Interplay Between Host and Microbial Communities

2 citations , November 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Balancing good and harmful microbes is key to healing chronic wounds.

research Deciphering the functions of the hair follicle infundibulum in skin physiology and disease

38 citations , September 2014 in “Cell and Tissue Research”

The hair follicle infundibulum plays a key role in skin health and disease, and understanding it better could lead to new skin disease treatments.

research The Epidermal Vitamin D System and Innate Immunity: Some More Light Shed on This Unique Photoendocrine System?

14 citations , January 2008 in “Dermatology”

Vitamin D made by the skin plays a role in immune defense and skin health, and more research is needed to understand its full effects.

research The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing

147 citations , November 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Keratinocytes help heal skin wounds by interacting with immune cells and producing substances that kill pathogens.

Sebaceous Immunobiology: Skin Homeostasis, Innate Immunity Coordination, Inflammatory Response, and Disease Associations

research Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations

21 citations , November 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Sebaceous glands play a key role in skin health, immunity, and various skin diseases.

research Redefining the Skin Barrier: A Microbiome‐Integrated Multilayered Defense Model

1 citations , July 2025 in “Barrier Immunity”

A holistic approach is crucial for treating skin disorders and restoring barrier function.

research Biology of the skin and dermatological disease

7 citations , December 2004 in “Medicine”

Knowing how skin works and its diseases helps doctors diagnose and treat skin conditions better.

research Cathelicidins: Opportunities and Challenges in Skin Therapeutics and Clinical Translation

7 citations , December 2024 in “Antibiotics”

Cathelicidins could treat skin issues but face challenges like safety and resistance.

research Skin microbiota and diabetic foot ulcers

6 citations , July 2025 in “Frontiers in Microbiology”

Imbalanced skin bacteria worsen diabetic foot ulcers, but adjusting them might improve healing.

research 1318 Both lesional and non-lesional skin from acne patients shows robust IL-17-skewing and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Acne patients' skin, both with and without lesions, shows a strong immune response and higher antimicrobial activity.

research Antimicrobial peptide lysozyme has the potential to promote mouse hair follicle growth in vitro

6 citations , August 2015 in “Acta histochemica”

Lysozyme might help mouse hair grow.

research Stem Cells in Dermatology and Anti-aging Care of the Skin

23 citations , August 2018 in “Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America”

Using defensins to activate stem cells may improve skin aging signs without causing inflammation.

research Vitamin D increases expression of cathelicidin in cultured sebocytes

18 citations , June 2012 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Vitamin D boosts a specific protein in skin cells linked to hair follicles.

research 498 Innate immunity activation of sebocyte cells by living bacteria. Evidence of a potential immunosuppressive effect of DHT

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

DHT may reduce inflammation caused by certain bacteria in skin cells.

research Dermal White Adipose Tissue: A Newly Recognized Layer of Skin Innate Defense

49 citations , March 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Skin fat plays a key role in immune defense and healing beyond just storing energy.

research Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response

92 citations , September 2015 in “Journal of Lipid Research”

Skin fat helps with body temperature control and has other active roles in health.

research Emerging nonmetabolic functions of skin fat

65 citations , January 2018 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

Skin fat has important roles in hair growth, skin repair, immune defense, and aging, and could be targeted for skin and hair treatments.

research Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine

August 2023 in “Gels”

Peptide hydrogels show promise for healing skin, bone, and nerves but need improvement in stability and compatibility.

research Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff

93 citations , April 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Improving skin barrier and using antifungal treatments can help manage dandruff.

research Evidence for murine cutaneous immune surveillance localized to hair follicle epithelium

April 2026 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Hair follicles in mice help detect and respond to germs.

research Topical and nutricosmetic products for healthy hair and dermal antiaging using “dual‐acting” (2 for 1) plant‐based peptides, hormones, and cannabinoids

13 citations , May 2021 in “FASEB bioAdvances”

Plant-based products can improve hair and skin health without harmful side effects.