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GlossaryEpidermal Layers

multiple strata of cells forming the skin's outermost part

Epidermal layers refer to the multiple strata of cells that make up the outermost part of the skin, known as the epidermis. These layers include, from the deepest to the most superficial, the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum. Each layer has distinct functions, such as cell regeneration, protection against pathogens, and the formation of a barrier to prevent water loss.

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research Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension

177 citations , November 2002 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Transplantation is effective for stable leucoderma but not for progressive, widespread vitiligo vulgaris.

research Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cell Division Orientation in Epidermal Basal Layer Using Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy

31 citations , September 2016 in “PLoS ONE”

Cell division orientation varies by body site and is linked to epidermal thickness and cell density.

research Basal cells in the epidermis and epidermal differentiation

June 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

The exact identity of skin stem cells and how skin cells differentiate is not fully known.

research Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins in the epidermal layers of the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), with remarks on the evolution of the integumental scale armour

28 citations , September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry”

Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.

research Expression of the Intermediate Filament Keratin Gene,K15,in the Basal Cell Layers of Epithelia and the Hair Follicle

46 citations , November 1998 in “Experimental Cell Research”

K15 gene is mainly active in the basal layers of hair follicles and epithelia, aiding early skin cell development.

research Bikunin, a Serine Protease Inhibitor, is Present on the Cell Boundary of Epidermis

13 citations , August 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Bikunin is found on the cell boundaries of certain skin layers and may help regulate skin and hair functions.

Chromatin Remodeler Lymphoid-Specific Helicase (Lsh) Is a Critical Determinant Controlling Postnatal Epidermal Growth, Differentiation, and Response to Injury

research 707 Chromatin remodeler Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is a critical determinant controlling postnatal epidermal growth, differentiation and response to injury

April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is crucial for skin growth, change, and healing after injury.

research Thy1 marks a distinct population of slow-cycling stem cells in the mouse epidermis

7 citations , August 2022 in “Nature communications”

A specific group of slow-growing stem cells marked by Thy1 is crucial for skin maintenance and healing in mice.

research Concise Review: Wnt Signaling Pathways in Skin Development and Epidermal Stem Cells

105 citations , October 2017 in “Stem cells”

Wnt signaling is crucial for skin development and hair growth.

A Mouse Model for Conditional Expression of Activated Beta-Catenin in Epidermal Keratinocytes

research A Mouse Model for Conditional Expression of Activated β-Catenin in Epidermal Keratinocytes

1 citations , August 2024 in “Transgenic Research”

Activated β-catenin affects hair growth and skin thickness, and changes are reversible.

research Tissue repair and stress responses of aged skin epidermis

January 2020

Aging disrupts skin repair and stress responses, but exercise-related IL-15 improves wound healing and skin health in older skin.

research Histochemical evidence of mucosubstances in the metaplastic epidermis and hair follicles produced in vitro in the presence of excess vitamin A

20 citations , February 1977 in “The anatomical record”

Excess vitamin A changes skin and hair follicle development and affects polysaccharide distribution.

research BMP-FGF Signaling Axis Mediates Wnt-Induced Epidermal Stratification in Developing Mammalian Skin

84 citations , October 2014 in “PLoS Genetics”

Wnt signaling is essential for forming the skin's spinous layer through a BMP-FGF pathway.

DermaCult Keratinocyte Expansion Medium: A Serum- and BPE-Free Medium Supporting Long-Term Feeder-Free Expansion of Primary Human Epidermal and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes

research 566 DermaCult™ Keratinocyte Expansion Medium, a Serum- and BPE-free Medium Supporting Long-term Feeder-free Expansion of Primary Human Epidermal and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

DermaCult™ Keratinocyte Expansion Medium allows human skin cells to grow longer while keeping their ability to develop properly.

research Eph/ephrin signaling in epidermal differentiation and disease

42 citations , October 2011 in “Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology”

Eph/ephrin signaling is important for skin cell behavior and could be targeted to treat skin diseases.

research Cell cycle controls long-range calcium signaling in the regenerating epidermis

22 citations , April 2023 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Calcium signaling in skin cells is crucial for communication and regeneration.

research Epidermal keratinocyte stem cells: their maintenance and regulation

25 citations , December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

research Conditional Gene Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Using the Tetracycline-Regulated Transactivators tTA and rTA Linked to the Keratin 5 Promoter

215 citations , November 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The system allows precise control of gene expression in mouse skin, useful for studying skin biology.

research Aberrant expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in aural cholesteatoma

48 citations , March 1993 in “The Laryngoscope”

Cholesteatoma shows abnormal and increased EGF receptor expression, indicating its rapid growth.

research Expansion of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Sticking to Isolated Sebaceous Glands to Generate in Vivo Epidermal Structures

10 citations , June 2016 in “Cell Transplantation”

Sebaceous glands can help harvest hair follicle stem cells to regenerate skin and hair.

research Hemidesmosomes and Notch signaling regulate epidermal differentiation via delamination

April 2026 in “Development”

Hemidesmosomes and Notch signaling help skin cells mature by moving them to the outer layer.

research A Niche Above: A Novel Modality of Stem Cell Regulation in Mammalian Skin Epidermis

March 2021 in “Cell stem cell”

Skin cell behavior is influenced by the tightness of nearby cells, affecting their growth and development.

research Location,isolation and culture of epidermal stem cells of rats in vitro

January 2005 in “Journal of Shandong Univenity”

Epidermal stem cells are in hair follicle bulge regions, and isolation and culture methods are effective.

research Skin Tissue: A Place for SARS-CoV-2 to Multiply and Transmit?

1 citations , September 2021 in “Advances in skin & wound care”

SARS-CoV-2 might infect and multiply in skin tissue, possibly aiding in its transmission.

research A function for Rac1 in the terminal differentiation and pigmentation of hair

11 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of cell science”

Rac1 is essential for proper hair structure and color.

research Expression patterns of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal human skin and some representative skin lesions

37 citations , February 2007 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Increasing PDCD4 protein may help prevent or treat some skin cancers.

research Colour Dilution Alopecia (CDA) in Ten yorkshire Terriers

20 citations , December 1995 in “Veterinary Dermatology”

Yorkshire Terriers with Colour Dilution Alopecia have reduced melanin and hair structure issues.

research Melanocyte progenitor cells reside in human subcutaneous adipose tissue

18 citations , August 2021 in “PLoS ONE”

Melanocyte progenitor cells are found in human fat tissue and can become mature melanocytes, which may help treat skin issues.

research The Expression of Vitamin D-Upregulated Protein 1 in Skin and its Interaction with Sciellin in Cultured Keratinocytes

18 citations , September 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

VDUP1 is found in skin and hair follicles, interacts with sciellin, and may help regulate skin cell differentiation.

research Localization of Merkel cells at hairless and hairy human skin sites using keratin 18

28 citations , September 1995 in “Biochemistry and Cell Biology”

Merkel cells are more densely found in hairless skin areas like palms and soles.