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GlossaryCastration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

cancer that grows despite low testosterone levels

Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is a type of prostate cancer that continues to progress despite the reduction of testosterone to very low levels, typically achieved through medical or surgical means (castration). This form of cancer is particularly challenging to treat because it no longer responds to therapies that lower testosterone, a hormone that usually fuels prostate cancer growth.

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Intratumoral De Novo Steroid Synthesis Activates Androgen Receptor in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Is Upregulated by Treatment with CYP17A1 Inhibitors

research Intratumoral De Novo Steroid Synthesis Activates Androgen Receptor in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Is Upregulated by Treatment with CYP17A1 Inhibitors

402 citations , August 2011 in “Cancer research”

Prostate cancer cells can make their own androgens to activate the androgen receptor, and treatments like abiraterone may increase this ability, suggesting new therapies should target the entire steroid-making pathway.

research Genetic variants in AR and SHBG and resistance to hormonal castration in prostate cancer

6 citations , February 2013 in “Medical Oncology”

Certain genetic variants increase the risk of resistance to hormone therapy in prostate cancer patients.

research Low-Dose Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Suppresses Androgen Receptor (AR) and Its Splice Variant AR-V7 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) Cells

August 2025 in “Therapeutics”

Low-dose DMSO may help treat castration-resistant prostate cancer by reducing key cancer cell receptors.

research Insight into Recent Advances in Degrading Androgen Receptor for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

February 2024 in “Cancers”

New treatments targeting androgen receptors show promise for drug-resistant prostate cancer.

research Steroidogenesis inhibitors alter but do not eliminate androgen synthesis mechanisms during progression to castration-resistance in LNCaP prostate xenografts

57 citations , April 2009 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Steroidogenesis inhibitors change but don't stop androgen production in prostate cancer.

research Redefining hormone resistance in prostate cancer

38 citations , December 2009 in “Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology”

The conclusion suggests that prostate cancer should be classified by castration status and that new therapies targeting androgen receptor signaling show promise.

research Recent discoveries and developments of androgen receptor based therapy for prostate cancer

17 citations , January 2015 in “MedChemComm”

New treatments for prostate cancer are less toxic and show promise, but more research is needed to enhance their effectiveness and reduce side effects.

research Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

22 citations , January 2017 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology”

A new method accurately measures nine specific hormones in human blood.

research Steroidal 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitors useful in the treatment of prostatic diseases

51 citations , May 2013 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Certain drugs that block specific enzymes can help treat prostate diseases.

research Editorial: Androgen-dependent diseases and their treatment

December 2024 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Continued research and awareness are needed to improve treatments for androgen-dependent diseases.

research Endocrinology of the Aging Prostate: Current Concepts

21 citations , February 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Hormones affect prostate health and disease, with certain hormone imbalances linked to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

research New insights into molecular signaling pathways and current advancements in prostate cancer diagnostics & therapeutics

August 2023 in “Frontiers in Oncology”

New drugs and therapies targeting specific pathways show promise in treating advanced prostate cancer.

research Highlights of This Issue

March 2011 in “Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention”

SLCO genes may predict prostate cancer mortality risk, and lifestyle changes improve health in advanced prostate cancer.

research Alleviation of Multidrug Resistance by Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Compounds in Breast, Lung, Colorectal and Prostate Cancer

45 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Some natural compounds may help overcome drug resistance in certain cancers, but more research is needed.

research Therapeutic Strategies to Target the Androgen Receptor

36 citations , July 2022 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry”

Therapies targeting the androgen receptor are being developed to treat prostate cancer and improve bone and muscle health.

research Hormone Blocking Anticancer Drugs

March 2015

The document explains how certain drugs block hormones to treat cancers like breast and prostate cancer.

research Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) 1C3 inhibitors: a patent review

70 citations , September 2017 in “Expert opinion on therapeutic patents”

The review suggests that while many AKR1C3 inhibitors show promise for treating certain cancers, more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness in humans.

research Doxetaxel: new indication. Prostate cancer: a few more weeks.

February 2006 in “PubMed”

Docetaxel slightly extends prostate cancer survival but has significant side effects and high cost.

Tumor Heterogeneity of Prostate Cancer and SARS-CoV2 Infection: A Complex Relationship Involving Extracellular Vesicles and the Androgen Receptor

research Hétérogénéité tumorale du cancer de la prostate et infection par le SARS-CoV2 : une relation complexe impliquant les vésicules extracellulaires et le récepteur des androgènes

June 2023 in “SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository”

Extracellular vesicles and androgen receptors may help identify prostate cancer resistance and reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Overexpression of Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 in LNCaP Cells Diverts Androgen Metabolism Towards Testosterone Resulting in Resistance to the 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride

research Overexpression of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) in LNCaP cells diverts androgen metabolism towards testosterone resulting in resistance to the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride

45 citations , January 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Too much AKR1C3 enzyme causes resistance to finasteride by increasing testosterone.

research Relation of urinary stone disease with androgenetic alopecia and serum testosterone levels

6 citations , May 2016 in “Urolithiasis”

Balding and low testosterone increase risk of urinary stones.

research Steroidogenesis in steroid related cancers

December 2016 in “University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)”

Steroid-producing capabilities in certain cancers may contribute to treatment resistance.

research The evolutionary impact of androgen levels on prostate cancer in a multi-scale mathematical model

50 citations , April 2010 in “Biology direct”

Low androgen levels might delay prostate cancer but could lead to more aggressive, therapy-resistant cancers.

research Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone?

403 citations , November 2005 in “Journal of Endocrinology”

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a prohormone important for producing sex steroids and has potential health benefits.

research 5α‐Reductase inhibitors and prostatic disease

21 citations , August 1994 in “Clinical endocrinology”

5α-Reductase inhibitors can help treat hair loss, acne, and prostate issues by reducing DHT levels.

$Doxil (Caelyx): An Exploratory Study with Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer$

research The Transcriptional Co-Activator cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein Is Expressed in Prostate Cancer and Enhances Androgen- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Androgen Receptor Function

72 citations , January 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

A protein called CBP is found in prostate cancer and can increase the effectiveness of certain prostate cancer treatments.

research Finasteride Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion through MMP2 and MMP9 Downregulation

63 citations , December 2013 in “PLoS ONE”

Finasteride may reduce prostate cancer spread by lowering certain enzyme levels.